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Boundless Statistics
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Chapter 3

Visualizing Data

Book Version 1
By Boundless
Boundless Statistics
Statistics
by Boundless
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Section 1
The Histogram
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Cross Tabulation

Cross tabulation (or crosstabs for short) is a statistical process that summarizes categorical data to create a contingency table.

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Drawing a Histogram

To draw a histogram, one must decide how many intervals represent the data, the width of the intervals, and the starting point for the first interval.

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Recognizing and Using a Histogram

A histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of data.

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The Density Scale

Density estimation is the construction of an estimate based on observed data of an unobservable, underlying probability density function.

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Types of Variables

A variable is any characteristic, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted.

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Controlling for a Variable

Controlling for a variable is a method to reduce the effect of extraneous variations that may also affect the value of the dependent variable.

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Selective Breeding

Selective breeding is a field concerned with testing hypotheses and theories of evolution by using controlled experiments.

Section 2
Graphing Data
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Statistical Graphics

Statistical graphics allow results to be displayed in some sort of pictorial form and include scatter plots, histograms, and box plots.

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Stem-and-Leaf Displays

A stem-and-leaf display presents quantitative data in a graphical format to assist in visualizing the shape of a distribution.

Reading Points on a Graph

A graph is a representation of a set of objects where some pairs of the objects are connected by links.

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Plotting Points on a Graph

A plot is a graphical technique for representing a data set, usually as a graph showing the relationship between two or more variables.

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Slope and Intercept

The concepts of slope and intercept are essential to understand in the context of graphing data.

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Plotting Lines

A line graph is a type of chart which displays information as a series of data points connected by straight line segments.

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The Equation of a Line

In statistics, linear regression can be used to fit a predictive model to an observed data set of $y$ and $x$ values.

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Boundless Statistics by Boundless
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Statistics in Practice
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Chapter 3
Visualizing Data
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Frequency Distributions
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