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Chapter 2

Statistics in Practice

Book Version 1
By Boundless
Boundless Statistics
Statistics
by Boundless
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Section 1
Observational Studies
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What are Observational Studies?

An observational study is one in which no variables can be manipulated or controlled by the investigator.

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The Clofibrate Trial

The Clofibrate Trial was a placebo-controlled study to determine the safety and effectiveness of drugs treating coronary heart disease in men.

Confounding

A confounding variable is an extraneous variable in a statistical model that correlates with both the dependent variable and the independent variable.

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Sex Bias in Graduate Admissions

The Berkeley study is one of the best known real life examples of an experiment suffering from a confounding variable.

Section 2
Controlled Experiments
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The Salk Vaccine Field Trial

The Salk polio vaccine field trial incorporated a double blind placebo control methodolgy to determine the effectiveness of the vaccine.

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The Portacaval Shunt

Numerous studies have been conducted to examine the value of the portacaval shunt procedure, many using randomized controls.

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Statistical Controls

A scientific control is an observation designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the single independent variable.

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Boundless Statistics by Boundless
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Introduction to Statistics and Statistical Thinking
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Chapter 2
Statistics in Practice
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