How to Take Care of a Cat

Co-authored by Molly DeVoss

With their playful personalities, affectionate behavior, and adorable faces, cats can be the ideal pet. But, despite popular opinion, cats are not maintenance-free! To keep your cat healthy and happy, you need to know how to take care of and provide the best possible life for your new furry friend.

Method 1

Method 1 of 4:

Housetraining

1
Encourage the cat to use a litter box.^{[1]
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Research source
Feline Internal Medicine Secrets. Michael R. Lappin, DVM, PhD. Hanley and Belfus, Inc. 2001} Most cats will prefer the litter box to other parts of the house because of the texture of the litter.^{[2]
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Expert Source

Molly DeVoss
Certified Feline Training and Behavior Specialist & Certified Cat Behavior Consultant
Expert Interview. 28 June 2021.} But, there are still steps you need to take to make sure you're offering the litter box as the best place to use the bathroom.
- Place the box in a quiet spot where the cat won’t be bothered by people, dogs, or loud noises.
- To keep the litter box clean, make sure you scoop the litter daily, and clean the box weekly. You should also replace or refresh the litter at least once a week.^{[3]
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  Research source
  Litter Box Preference in Domestic cats: Covered Versus Uncovered. E.K. Grigg, et al. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery April 2013 vol. 15 no. 4 280-284}
- Provide enough litter boxes for more than one cat. A good rule of thumb is to have one box for each cat, plus one more. For example, if you have two cats, you need three litter boxes in different areas of the home. One cat might try to intimidate a less dominate cat away from using a single box.
2
Make the litter box a comfortable place. Don't frighten or startle your cat when it's using the box, or it may form a bad association with the box and start avoiding it. Buy a large box, even if you have to spend a little money on it. Cats are more comfortable in a larger (in area, not height) box.^{[4]
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Research source
Litterbox Size Preference in Domestic Cats (Felis catus). N.C. Guy, et al. Journal of Veterinary Behavior-Clinical Applications and Research. March–April, 2014Volume 9, Issue 2, Pages 78–82}
- Don’t switch brands of litter on your cat, because cats don’t like sudden change. Switching from a clay litter to a clumping litter or vice versa might upset the cat and cause them to avoid using the litter box. Don’t use heavily scented litters for the same reason.
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3
Take young or old cats needs into consideration. Keep in mind that kittens and older cats with arthritis or other health problems may have problems getting in and out of a box that's too tall. Use low-height boxes in an easily accessible area for kittens and cats with special needs, or buy an adjustable litter box.^{[5]
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Expert Source

Molly DeVoss
Certified Feline Training and Behavior Specialist & Certified Cat Behavior Consultant
Expert Interview. 28 June 2021.}
4
Provide the cat with a scratching post. Scratching is a normal part of cat behavior, and there's no way you can train it out of them. If your cat still has its claws, he'll need one or two scratching posts to keep him from scratching up furniture, woodwork, and so on. By providing a post, you allow the cat to indulge in normal, healthy behavior.^{[6]
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Research source
Canine and Feline Behavior for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses. Edited by Julie Shaw and Debbie Martin. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2015}
5
Discourage the cat from exploring forbidden surfaces. Cats are curious, and will jump on counters or other places you'd like them to steer clear of. Scat mats, a perfectly timed mist of water from a spray bottle, or even a stern “no” can correct this behavior.^{[7]
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Expert Source

Molly DeVoss
Certified Feline Training and Behavior Specialist & Certified Cat Behavior Consultant
Expert Interview. 28 June 2021.} With time and patience, you can teach your cat to stay away from your protected areas.
- You can also use a rattle can (an empty soda can filled with a few pebbles and the opening taped over). Toss it gently on the ground to scare a cat away from forbidden surfaces. DO NOT throw the can at the cat, for that may harm your cat.
6
Consider using feline pheromone products. These products, which fill the air with calming synthetic pheromones, come as sprays or diffusers that plug into electrical outlets.^{[8]
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Research source
Clinical Trial of a Feline Pheromone Analogue for Feline Urine Marking. Niwako Ogata and Yukari Takeuch. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science Vol. 63 (2001) No. 2 P 157-161} They can help resolve litter box or scratching issues, and have also been proven to calm stressed or anxious cats.

Method 2

Method 2 of 4:

Feeding

1
Decide what type of food to feed your cat. Cat food comes in a vast array of types: dry food, semi-moist, and canned are the common types. Dry food is easily and efficiently stored, but cats go wild for the taste of semi-moist and canned foods. The latter types can add more fluid to the cat’s diet than dry foods. In general, food type comes down to owner preference.
- Occasionally, a cat with a medical condition might need one type over another. Consult your veterinarian for recommendations.
2
Choose a good brand of cat food. Like other animals, cats have some specific nutritional needs. They are "obligate carnivores," which means they need animal proteins to avoid severe health consequences.^{[9]
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Research source
Differences between cats and dogs: a nutritional view. 7. Veronique Legrand-Defretin (1994). Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 53, pp 15-24. doi:10.1079/PNS19940004.} Ask your vet for suggestions about a good quality food. Cheaper products may not provide enough nutrition to keep your cat happy and healthy.
- Look for cat foods that list large amounts of animal meat like beef, chicken, turkey, or fish.^{[10]
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- Also look for important amino acids like taurine and arginine and fatty acids like arachidonic and linoleic acid.^{[11]
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- Avoid feeding your cat human foods unless you have cleared the food with your veterinarian. Some human foods can make a cat severely sick or are even toxic to cats (e.g., chocolate).
3
Follow your cat food's suggested feeding guide.^{[12]
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Trustworthy Source
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
Leading organization dedicated to the prevention of animal cruelty
Go to source} In general, cats are fed according to age, weight and activity levels. They prefer to eat frequent, small meals throughout the day.^{[13]
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Research source
The Evolutionary Basis for the Feeding Behavior of Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris) and Cats (Felis catus) John W.S. Bradshaw The Journal of Nutrition. July 2006 vol. 136 no. 7 1927S-1931S}
- Ask your vet for recommendations on what and how to feed your cat if you have any reservations.
4
Don't overfeed your cat. Follow your veterinarian's recommendations closely and make sure your cat gets plenty of exercise, as obesity is one of the biggest health issues facing cats today. Obese cats are more likely to develop diabetes when they approach middle age. Extra weight also contributes to arthritis, heart disease, and other health problems in cats.^{[14]
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Research source
The Growing Problem of Obesity in Dogs and Cats. Alexander J. German. The Journal of Nutrition. July 2006 vol. 136 no. 7 1940S-1946S}

Method 3

Method 3 of 4:

Health

1
Brush your cat depending on it's coat needs. You may think that because cats seem to groom themselves, you don't need to brush them. But you do need to brush long-hair cats several times a week and short-hair cats weekly. This will help reduce shedding in your home and also help the cat avoid the dreaded hairballs.
- For cats that tend to shed (long-haired ones especially), use a comb that has fine strands of metal. This gets deep into the undercoat and eliminates shedding.
2
Check the cat for skin conditions as you brush. Be on the lookout for any fleas or other parasites, and for any unusual redness, lumps, bumps, or other skin problems. If you see anything suspicious, let your veterinarian know and ask for advice on how you should take care of it. Make sure to check the under belly of a cat with your hands.
3
Schedule yearly vet visits.^{[15]
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Research source
Feline Medicine and Therapeutics. E. A. Chandler, R. M. Gaskell, and C. J. Gaskel. Blackwell Publishing. 2004.} Just like any member of the family, a cat needs regular medical visits. Unlike human children, cats can't let us know when they're not feeling well. They rely on their humans to take them to a veterinarian for regular medical examinations to keep them healthy. It is important that a cat sees a vet at least once a year, for a physical check-up: teeth, ears, eyes, heart, booster vaccinations, and deflea/deworm treatments. All cat owners should consider getting their pet vaccinated against the following: feline infectious enteritis (FIE), cat ‘flu and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). All can kill cats if they become infected and so it is important to protect your pet. You may also find that a cattery will not accept your pet, should you need their services, without proof of these and potentially other vaccinations. Your vet can advise exactly what vaccinations are required for your pet. If you are at all concerned about your cat’s health or behaviour you should see your vet as soon as possible.
- Older cats might need to see a veterinarian twice yearly for optimal health.
4
Visit the vet more frequently for kittens. Just like human babies, kittens need to see the vet more often than adult cats. Starting at around 8 weeks of age, they'll need 2-3 visits to have their vaccination series and worm treatments. At minimum, this includes the feline distemper vaccine and a rabies vaccine. Your vet will discuss the benefits of optional vaccinations as well. Ask about the risks of diseases like feline leukemia and make an informed decision about which vaccinations you want.
- The vet will also check the kitten for fleas and ear mites, and treat them if needed.
- Make sure the kitten gets its worm treatment. Most kittens have roundworms that can stunt growth and potentially be transmitted to humans.
5
Get your cat spayed or neutered (or "fixed"). Spaying a female cat or neutering a male cat has many positive benefits. It will cut down on unwanted behaviors like roaming and the tendency to spray urine. Physically, it protects against unwanted pregnancies and diseases like pyometra. The most important thing, though, is that it cuts down on the number of unwanted kittens in the world!
- Ask your vet for a recommendation on when to get kittens spayed or neutered. In general, vets recommend a range from 2-6 months.
6
Get the cat used to tooth brushing. Cats can and do suffer from dental disease. To brush your cat's teeth, you need a soft-bristled toothbrush and veterinary toothpaste. Never use human toothpaste — too much fluoride can upset your cat's stomach, and with the high fluoride concentration in human toothpaste, too much could be toxic. Start by offering them a taste of the veterinary toothpaste. The next time, let them taste the toothpaste, and then run your finger along the gums of the upper teeth. Repeat the process with the toothbrush. Get the bristles of the brush along the gum line of the upper back teeth and angle slightly up, so the bristles get under the gum line. Work from back to front, making small circles along the gum lines. It should take you less than 30 seconds to brush your pet's teeth.
- Do not try to brush the entire mouth at first. If they only let you brush the outside of their upper teeth, it's better than nothing. You're still addressing the most important area of dental disease prevention.
7
Schedule professional tooth cleaning if needed. Even with the best tooth brushing, some cats may still need an occasional professional cleaning. While brushing reduces the plaque and buildup on the visible surfaces of the teeth it cannot get to the buildup just under the gum line. A professional cleaning also gives the vet a chance to fully examine your cat's mouth under sedation. Some signs of dental disease include:
- Bad breath
- Loose teeth
- Discolored teeth or teeth covered in tartar
- Sensitivity or pain in the mouth
- Bleeding
- Drooling a lot or dropping food while trying to eat
- Loss of appetite or weight loss
8
Make sure your cat gets enough play time. Your cat needs interaction with you daily to keep them happy and physically fit. Use cat toys, talking, and grooming as chances to spend time together. Laser pointers, balls, play mice, and feather toys are also good ways to engage your cat in play.
- Here's a game you can play with your cat: Try hiding a treat somewhere and using a laser pointer to guide you cat to the treat. Make the laser pointer move in a way that a real mice would move, try pointing it in small places and under hiding spots. Bring the laser pointer to the treat. This will make the cat feel like its hunting and it will be rewarded in the end!

Method 4

Method 4 of 4:

Choosing a Cat

1
Decide if you want a kitten or a full-grown cat.^{[16]
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Research source} Kittens are adorably tempting, but be honest with yourself about whether you'll be able to match that energy level, and handle that level of responsibility. Shelters are full of loving adult cats who have a much harder time getting adopted. An adult cat will be calmer and quieter than a kitten, but may also have behavioral issues from its early life. Adult cats may also have medical conditions you'll have to address sooner than you would with a kitten. Also, kittens often scratch very painfully; Decide if you want that.
2
Consider medical concerns that may come with a specific cat. If you have your eye on one cat, in particular, ask about its medical history to see if it requires any long-term care. Would you be able to afford this cat's medical needs?
- Even if the cat is healthy, consider its breed. Purebred cats of different breeds can have their own genetic problems to overcome. For example, flat-faced cats like Manx and Scottish folds often develop breathing problems.^{[17]
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- Purebred cats are more likely to have genetic medical problems than non-pedigreed cats.^{[18]
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3
Consider the amount of time you have for a cat. While a cat doesn't need daily walking like a dog, don't be fooled into thinking that cats and kittens aren't a time commitment. They're still active pets that need a lot of play, and affectionate companions who demand attention. You'll also spend time cleaning the litter box and giving the cat structured meals.
- The average lifespan of an indoor cat is 13-17 years, so be aware that you're making a long-term commitment to a new family member.^{[19]
  X
  Trustworthy Source
  American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
  Leading organization dedicated to the prevention of animal cruelty
  Go to source}
4
Calculate whether you can afford a cat. The one-time purchase fee for a cat can range from $45 for a shelter adoption to several hundred dollars for a purebred cat. Beyond that, though, you'll have to pay for food, litter, toys, and regular medical expenses. The ASPCA estimates that in the first year of owning a cat, you will likely spend about $1,035 on it.^{[20]
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Trustworthy Source
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
Leading organization dedicated to the prevention of animal cruelty
Go to source} (That amount goes down after you've bought the major equipment and had your initial medical procedures.)
5
Consider adopting a cat from an animal shelter. The cost is minimal considering what you get: a fully vaccinated, health examined, and spayed or neutered cat.^{[21]
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Trustworthy Source
Animal Humane Society
Leading animal welfare nonprofit organization providing medical care, training education, and resources for animal owners
Go to source} Any “free” cat is ultimately going to cost you those things down the line, if you're a responsible cat owner.

Should I Get My Cat Spayed?

Foods to Provide and Avoid Giving Your Cat

Foods Cats Can Eat

Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Cat

Expert Q&A

Question

How should you split your time with the cat if you have family members?

Pippa Elliott, MRCVS
Veterinarian
Dr. Elliott, BVMS, MRCVS is a veterinarian with over 30 years of experience in veterinary surgery and companion animal practice. She graduated from the University of Glasgow in 1987 with a degree in veterinary medicine and surgery. She has worked at the same animal clinic in her hometown for over 20 years.

Pippa Elliott, MRCVS

Veterinarian

Expert Answer

Cats need love and attention just like we do, but won't always demand it. This means you can chose the time to concentrate on the cat and give your undivided attention. Try and incorporate two five-minute play sessions into each day, a few minutes each day to groom the cat, and then speak and fuss the cat at mealtimes. Aside from that it only takes a few seconds for an ear or chin rub when the cat strolls by, but your cat will really appreciate the extra affection.
Question

Which breed of cat we should choose?

Pippa Elliott, MRCVS
Veterinarian
Dr. Elliott, BVMS, MRCVS is a veterinarian with over 30 years of experience in veterinary surgery and companion animal practice. She graduated from the University of Glasgow in 1987 with a degree in veterinary medicine and surgery. She has worked at the same animal clinic in her hometown for over 20 years.

Pippa Elliott, MRCVS

Veterinarian

Expert Answer

This is a great question to ask and it's super to put thought into which type of cat is best suited to your household. Different cat breeds have different personalities, so the first thing is to decide what type of traits you want your cat to have. For example, a single older person might prefer a lapcat to cuddle and fuss, whilst a young family need a bombproof cat who loves to play and isn't phased by activity and noise. Write down a list of what your ideal cat would do e.g. playful, outgoing, loving or likes only one person, intelligent, easy to train. Then do some research online as to whether your preferred breed has those characteristics or not. Happily, there is a breed to match most people's ideal, so enjoy your research!

Warnings

Never abandon a cat if you don't want them anymore. Always take unwanted animals to an animal shelter or a trusted friend. They will take your cat and try to find a good home for them. Abandoning animals is cruel.

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If you play with your cat for a long time, make sure they have access to water.

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Never use products intended for other animals on your cat.

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Don't make them do things against their will such as:
- Randomly picking them up whenever you like
- Squeezing them really tight
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Never declaw your cat, as it is equivalent to cutting a person's finger off at the first knuckle. It causes lifelong pain and makes the cat vulnerable to injury (if a predator somehow attacks it). ^{[22]
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- Alternatives to declawing include providing scratching posts, trimming claws, and using cat nail caps.^{[23]
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