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Chapter 3

Mass Relationships and Chemical Equations

Book Version 33
By Boundless
Boundless Chemistry
Chemistry
by Boundless
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Section 1
Atomic Mass
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Average Atomic Mass

The average atomic mass of an element is the sum of the masses of its isotopes, each multiplied by its natural abundance.

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Mass Spectrometry to Measure Mass

Mass spectrometry is a powerful characterization method that identifies elements, isotopes, and compounds based on mass-to-charge ratios.

Section 2
Molar Mass
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Avogadro's Number and the Mole

The mole is represented by Avogadro's number, which is 6.02×1023 mol-1.

Converting between Moles and Atoms

By understanding the relationship between moles and Avogadro's number, scientists can convert between number of moles and number of atoms.

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Molar Mass of Compounds

The molar mass of a particular substance is the mass of one mole of that substance.

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Converting between Mass and Number of Moles

A substance's molar mass can be used to convert between the mass of the substance and the number of moles in that substance.

Section 3
Compound Composition
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Percent Composition of Compounds

The percent composition (by mass) of a compound can be calculated by dividing the mass of each element by the total mass of the compound.

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Combustion Analysis

Combustion analysis is commonly used to determine the relative ratios of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in organic compounds.

Section 4
Experimental Data and Empirical Formulas
Writing Chemical Equations

A chemical equation expresses a chemical reaction by showing how certain reactants yield certain products.

Balancing Chemical Equations

Matter cannot be created or destroyed, so there must be the same number of atoms of each element on each side of a chemical equation.

Section 5
Reaction Stoichiometry
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Amount of Reactants and Products

Stoichiometry is the study of the relative quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions and how to calculate those quantities.

Molar Ratios

Molar ratios, or conversion factors, identify the number of moles of each reactant needed to form a certain number of moles of each product.

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Mole-to-Mole Conversions

Mole-to-mole conversions can be facilitated by using conversion factors found in the balanced equation for the reaction of interest.

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Mass-to-Mass Conversions

Mass-to-mass conversions cannot be done directly; instead, mole values must serve as intermediaries in these conversions.

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Mass-to-Mole Conversions

Mass-to-mole conversions can be facilitated by employing the molar mass as a conversion ratio.

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Limiting Reagents

The reagent that limits how much product is produced (the reactant that runs out first) is known as the limiting reagent.

Calculating Theoretical and Percent Yield

The percent yield of a reaction measures the reaction's efficiency. It is the ratio between the actual yield and the theoretical yield.

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Boundless Chemistry by Boundless
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Chapter 2
Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
  • History of Atomic Structure
  • Discoveries Leading to Nuclear Atom Model
  • The Structure of the Atom
  • The Periodic Table
  • Types of Chemical Bonds
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Chapter 3
Mass Relationships and Chemical Equations
  • Atomic Mass
  • Molar Mass
  • Compound Composition
  • Experimental Data and Empirical Formulas
  • Reaction Stoichiometry
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Aqueous Reactions
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