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Chapter 2

The Constitution and the Founding of America

Book Version 13
By Boundless
Boundless Political Science
Political Science
by Boundless
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Section 1
The First American Government
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Government in the English Colonies

The way the British government was run in the colonies inspired what the Americans would write in their Constitution.

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British Taxes and Colonial Grievances

The expenses from the French and Indian War caused the British to impose taxes on the American colonies.

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Taxation Without Representation

"No Taxation without Representation" was the rallying cry of the colonists who were forced to pay the stamp, sugar, and tea taxes.

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The First Continental Congress

The first Continental Congress was held between 1774 and 1775 to discuss the future of the American colonies.

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The Second Continental Congress

The Second Continental Congress was ushered in at the beginning of the Revolution and eventually decided American independence.

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Political Strife and American Independence

The new congress faced many roadblocks in establishing the new nation.

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The Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence was a letter to the king explaining why the colonies were separating from Britain.

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The Articles of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation established a confederacy-type government among the new American states.

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Powers of the American Government Under the Articles of Confederation

The Articles of confederation gave few but important powers of diplomacy to the American government.

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Impact of the Articles of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation, while riddled with problems, did have lasting effects.

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Shay's Rebellion and the Revision of the Articles of Confederation

Shays' rebellion prompted the Boston elite and members of the central government to question the strength of the American government.

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The Annapolis Convention

The Annapolis Convention, led by Alexander Hamilton, was one of two conventions that met to amend the Articles of Confederation.

Section 2
The Constitutional Convention
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The Constitutional Convention

The Constitutional Convention was established in 1787 to replace the Articles of Confederation with a national constitution for all states.

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The Framers of the Constitution

The Framers of the Constitution were delegates to the Constitutional Convention who took part in drafting the proposed U.S. Constitution.

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Constitutional Issues and Compromises

At the Constitutional Convention, the Virginia, Pinckney, New Jersey, and Hamilton plans gave way to the Connecticut Compromise.

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The Virginia and New Jersey Plans

In the Constitutional Convention, the Virginia Plan favored large states while the New Jersey Plan favored small states.

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Debate over the Presidency and the Judiciary

During the Constitutional Convention, the most contentious disputes revolved around the composition of the Presidency and the Judiciary.

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Drafting the Final Document

The report from the Committee on Detail at the Constitutional Convention constituted the first draft of the United States Constitution.

Section 3
The Constitution
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The Constitution

Adopted on September 17, 1787, the Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America.

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The Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights is a series of limitations on the power of the U.S. government, protecting the natural rights of liberty and property.

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The Legislative Branch

The legislative branch is represented by Congress, a bicameral chamber consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate.

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The Executive Branch

The executive power in the government is vested in the President and Vice-President of the United States, the Cabinet and federal agencies.

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The Judicial Branch

Organized under the U.S. Constitution, the Supreme Court and federal courts make up the judiciary branch of the United States.

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Federalism

Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between U.S. state governments and the federal government of the United States.

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Constitutional Limits

The United States adheres to the principles of a constitutionally limited government in the three branches of government.

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Limited Government

In a limited government, the power of government to intervene in the exercise of civil liberties is restricted by constitutional law.

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Separation of Powers

Separation of powers is a doctrine in which each of the three branches of government have defined powers independent of each other.

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Checks and Balances

To get the three branches of government to cooperate, a system of checks and balances was created to achieve a fair separation of powers.

Section 4
Ratification of the Constitution
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Federalists and Antifederalists

While the Constitutional Convention was held to revise the Articles of Confederation, an entirely new constitution was drafted.

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The Federalist Papers

The Federalist Papers were written between 1788-9 and encouraged people to ask their representatives to ratify the Constitution.

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Ratification of the Constitution

In order for all states to ratify, a compromise over a bill of rights had to be made.

Section 5
Amending the Constitution
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Amending the Constitution

To protect the Constitution from hasty alteration, the framers of the Constitution wrote Article V.

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Formal Methods of Amending the Constitution

The formal amendment processes are enumerated in Article V of the Constitution.

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Informal Methods of Amending the Constitution: Societal Change and Judicial Review

The formal amendment process is one of two major ways to amend the constitution.

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The Twenty-Seven Amendments of the U.S. Constitution

The twenty-seven amendments serve two purposes: to protect the liberties of the people and to change original codes from the constitution.

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American Politics
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The Constitution and the Founding of America
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Federalism
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