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Boundless Anatomy and Physiology
Physiology Textbooks Boundless Anatomy and Physiology
Physiology Textbooks
Physiology

Chapter 25

Body Fluids and Acid-Base Balance

Book Version 29
By Boundless
Boundless Anatomy and Physiology
Physiology
by Boundless
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Section 1
Water Balance
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Regulation of Water Intake

Fluid can enter the body as preformed water, ingested food and drink, and to a lesser extent, as metabolic water.

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Regulation of Water Output

Fluid can leave the body in several ways: urination, exretion (feces), and perspiration (sweating).

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Nitrogenous Waste in Terrestrial Animals: The Urea Cycle

Urea, a nitrogenous waste material, is the end product excreted in urine when ammonia is metabolized by animals, such as mammals.

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Water Balance Disorders

Dehydration is the excessive loss of body fluid.

Section 2
Body Fluids
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Water Content in the Body

A significant percentage of the human body is water, which includes intracellular and extracellular fluids.

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Fluid Compartments

The major body fluid compartments include: intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid (plasma, interstitial fluid, and trancellular fluid).

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Body Fluid Composition

The composition of tissue fluid depends upon the exchanges between the cells in the biological tissue and the blood.

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Movement of Fluid Among Compartments

Movement of fluid among compartments depends on several variables described by Starling's equation.

Section 3
Electrolyte Balance
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Sodium, Electrolytes, and Fluid Balance

Electrolytes play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis within the body.

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Sodium Balance Regulation

Sodium is an important cation distributed primarily outside the cell.

Potassium Balance Regulation

Potassium is mainly an intracellular ion.

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Calcium and Phosphate Balance Regulation

Calcium is a key electrolyte: 99% is deposited in bone and the remainder is associated with hormone release and cell signalling.

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Anion Regulation

Anions chloride, bicarbonate, and phosphate have important roles in maintaining balances and neutrality of vital mechanisms in the body.

Section 4
Acid-Base Balance
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pH, Buffers, Acids, and Bases

Acids dissociate into H+ and lower pH, while bases dissociate into OH- and raise pH; buffers can absorb these excess ions to maintain pH.

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Chemical Buffer Systems

Chemical buffers such as bicarbonate and ammonia help keep blood pH in the narrow range compatible with life.

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Regulation of H+ by the Lungs

Acid-base imbalances in blood pH can be altered by changes in breathing to expel more CO2, which will raise pH back to normal.

The Role of the Kidneys in Acid-Base Balance

The kidneys help maintain acid-base balance by excreting hydrogen ions into the urine and reabsorbing bicarbonate from the urine.

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Boundless Anatomy and Physiology by Boundless
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Chapter 24
Urinary System
  • Overview of the Urinary System
  • The Kidneys
  • Physiology of the Kidneys
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  • Urine Transport, Storage, and Elimination
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Chapter 25
Body Fluids and Acid-Base Balance
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  • Body Fluids
  • Electrolyte Balance
  • Acid-Base Balance
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Chapter 26
The Reproductive System
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  • Meiosis
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  • Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
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