Examples of polarizer in the following topics:
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- In the previous atom we discussed how polarized lenses work.
- The reflected light is more horizontally polarized.
- Just as unpolarized light can be partially polarized by reflecting, it can also be polarized by scattering (also known as Rayleigh scattering; illustrated in ).
- The light parallel to the original ray has no polarization.
- The light perpendicular to the original ray is completely polarized.
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- When light hits a surface at a Brewster angle, reflected beam is linearly polarized. shows an example, where the reflected beam was nearly perfectly polarized and hence, blocked by a polarizer on the right picture.
- A polarizing filter allows light of a particular plane of polarization to pass, but scatters the rest of the light.
- When two polarizing filters are crossed, almost no light gets through.
- In the picture at left, the polarizer is aligned with the polarization angle of the window reflection.
- In the picture at right, the polarizer has been rotated 90° eliminating the heavily polarized reflected sunlight.
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- Since the direction of polarization is parallel to the electric field, you can consider the blue arrows to be the direction of polarization.
- What happens to these waves as they pass through the polarizer?
- Lets call the angle between the direction of polarization and the axis of the polarization filter θ.
- If you pass light through two polarizing filters, you will get varied effects of polarization.
- A polarizing filter has a polarization axis that acts as a slit passing through electric fields parallel to its direction.
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- Molecular polarity is dependent on the presence of polar covalent bonds and the molecule's three-dimensional structure.
- Such bonds are said to be 'polar' and possess partial ionic character.
- Molecular polarity: when an entire molecule, which can be made out of several covalent bonds, has a net polarity, with one end having a higher concentration of negative charge and another end having a surplus of positive charge.
- A polar molecule acts as an electric dipole which can interact with electric fields that are created artificially, or that arise from interactions with nearby ions or other polar molecules.
- The water molecule, therefore, is polar.
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- Bond polarity exists when two bonded atoms unequally share electrons, resulting in a negative and a positive end.
- Bonds can fall between one of two extremes, from completely nonpolar to completely polar.
- The terms "polar" and "nonpolar" usually refer to covalent bonds.
- To determine the polarity of a covalent bond using numerical means, find the difference between the electronegativity of the atoms; if the result is between 0.4 and 1.7, then, generally, the bond is polar covalent.
- The hydrogen fluoride (HF) molecule is polar by virtue of polar covalent bonds; in the covalent bond, electrons are displaced toward the more electronegative fluorine atom.
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- Polar coordinates are points labeled $(r,θ)$ and plotted on a polar grid.
- In mathematical literature, the polar axis is often drawn horizontal and pointing to the right.
- The polar grid is scaled as the unit circle with the positive $x$-axis now viewed as the polar axis and the origin as the pole.
- Even though we measure
$θ$ first and then $r$, the polar point is written with the $r$
-coordinate first.
- Points in the polar coordinate system with pole $0$ and polar axis $L$.
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- Such definitions are called polar coordinates.
- The angle is known as the polar angle, or radial angle, and is usually given as $\theta$.
- The polar axis is usually drawn horizontal and pointing to the right .
- Polar coordinates in $r$ and $\theta$ can be converted to Cartesian coordinates $x$ and $y$.
- A set of polar coordinates.
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- $For example a wave can be linearly polarized with its electric field always pointing along $\epsilon_1$ or along $\epsilon_2$.
- If this phase difference is zero, then the wave is linearly polarized (left panel of Fig.2.1) with the polarization vector making an angle $\theta=\tan^{-1}(E_2/E_1)$ with $\epsilon_1$ and a magnitude of $E=\sqrt{E_1^2+E_2^2}.$
- One could have defined an alternative representation based on the circular polarizations
- Often it is convenient to use this circular polarization basis rather than the linear polarization basis above (for example, waves traveling through plasma).
- It is possible to recover this polarization information through intensity measurements.
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- Water's polarity is responsible for many of its properties including its attractiveness to other molecules.
- One of water's important properties is that it is composed of polar molecules.
- The two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom within water molecules (H2O) form polar covalent bonds.
- As a result of water's polarity, each water molecule attracts other water molecules because of the opposite charges between them, forming hydrogen bonds.
- A polar substance that interacts readily with or dissolves in water is referred to as hydrophilic (hydro- = "water"; -philic = "loving").
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- To graph in the polar coordinate system we construct a table of $r$ and $\theta$ values.
- We enter values of $\theta$ into a polar equation and calculate $r$.
- Polar equations can be used to generate unique graphs.
- The following type of polar equation produces a petal-like shape called a rose curve.
- Although the graphs look complex, a simple polar equation generates the pattern.