affective

Examples of affective in the following topics:

• Specific Effects of Stress: Cancer

  • While psychological stress has not been found to cause cancer, it may affect a person's overall health and ability to cope with cancer.
  • While psychological stress alone has not been proven to cause cancer, prolonged psychological stress may affect a person's overall health and ability to cope with cancer.
  • Evidence from experimental studies suggests that psychological stress can affect a tumor's ability to grow and spread.

• Etiology of Schizophrenia

  • Schizophrenia is a severe neuro-psychiatric disease that affects approximately 1% of the world's population.
  • Some theorists suggest environmental stress associated with lower-class living may affect brain development, triggering the disease in genetically susceptible individuals.
  • The first is the mesolimbic system, which affects areas regulating reward pathways and emotional processes; the second is the mesocortical system, which affects the prefrontal cortex, areas that regulate cognitive processing, and areas involved with motor control.
  • Glutamate has been theorized to exacerbate hyperactivity and hypoactivity in dopamine pathways, affecting both positive and negative symptoms.
  • Finally, the basal ganglia also affect schizophrenia.

• The Endocrine System

  • Hormones are chemicals within the endocrine system that affect physiological activity.
  • Epinephrine: also known as adrenaline; comes from the adrenal gland; affects blood pressure and other stress responses.
  • Melatonin: comes from the pineal gland; affects circadian rhythm and sleep cycles.
  • Oxytocin: the "cuddle" hormone; secreted by the pituitary gland; affects breast-feeding, trust between people;
  • Testosterone: produced in sex organs (ovaries, testes) and adrenal glands; sometimes called the "male hormone" (though it is present in both men and women); affects libido, muscle growth.

• Conscious vs. Unconscious Emotion

  • It has also been suggested that emotions (affect heuristics, feelings and gut-feeling reactions) are often used as shortcuts to process information and influence behavior.
  • The affect infusion model (AIM) is a theoretical model developed by Joseph Forgas in the early 1990s that attempts to explain how emotion and mood interact with one's ability to process information.
  • These automatic responses are one way our emotions affect our behavior.

• The Link Between Psychology and Health

  • There is some evidence that certain negative mental states, such as depression and anxiety, can directly affect physical immunity through production of stress hormones, such as the catecholamines and glucocorticoids.
  • Negative emotional states may also indirectly affect disease processes through their influence on health behaviors.
  • When illness or accidents befall a person, their entire life is affected.
  • A psychologically healthy individual who gets severely injured, for example, now has many different practical issues to contend with that will in turn affect their psychological well-being.
  • All of these possibilities can affect a person's relationships, self-esteem, stress level, happiness and belief system, all of which have a direct impact on psychological well-being.

• Explaining Mood Disorders

  • Mood disorders (also called affective disorders) characterize a group of psychological disorders where disturbance in the person's mood is thought to be the main underlying feature.
  • While everyone experiences negative mood at some point in their lives, mood disorders affect an individual's capacity to function in daily life.
  • Major depression significantly affects a person's family and personal relationships, work or school life, sleeping and eating habits, and general health.
  • While insomnia affects at least 80% of depressed people, hypersomnia, or oversleeping, can also happen.
  • There is also a common belief that low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin play a central role in the development and course of affective disorders.

• The Influence of Behavior on Genes

  • Fetal alcohol syndrome affects both physical and mental development, damaging neurons within the brain and often leading to cognitive impairment and below-average weight.
  • Temperature exposure can affect gene expression.
  • In this manner a caterpillar's behavior can directly affect gene expression; a caterpillar that actively seeks out light will appear different as a butterfly than one that avoids it.

• Sleep-Wake Disorders

  • Sleep disorders cause sleep disturbances that affect the amount, quality, or timing of sleep or that induce abnormal events during sleep.
  • Sleep-wake disorders cause a number of sleep disturbances that affect the amount, quality, or timing of sleep or that induce abnormal events during sleep.
  • It most commonly affects the legs, but it can also affect the arms, torso, head, and even phantom limbs.
  • Moving the affected body part modulates the sensations, providing temporary relief.

• Environmental Impacts on Prenatal Development

  • During each prenatal stage, environmental factors affect the development of the fetus.
  • Anything the mother is exposed to in the environment affects the fetus; if the mother is exposed to something harmful, the child can show life-long effects.
  • Alcohol and most drugs cross the placenta and affect the fetus.
  • Other teratogens that affect prenatal development include radiation, pollution, and infectious disease.
  • Additionally, a stressed mother is more likely to engage in behaviors that could negatively affect the fetus, such as smoking, drug use, and alcohol abuse.

• The Fallibility of Memory

  • Memories are affected by how a person internalizes events through perceptions, interpretations, and emotions.
  • However, this process can be impacted by a number of factors, and how well information is encoded affects how well it is able to be recalled later.