mechanical advantage

Examples of mechanical advantage in the following topics:

• Simple Machines

  • They can be described as the simplest mechanisms that use mechanical advantage (or leverage) to multiply force.
  • The ratio of the output force to the input force is the mechanical advantage of the machine.
  • If the machine does not absorb energy, its mechanical advantage can be calculated from the machine's geometry.
  • For instance, the mechanical advantage of a lever is equal to the ratio of its lever arms.
  • Describes the following terms as they relate to simple machine; input force, output force, input distance, output distance, mechanical advantage.

• Muscles and Joints

  • The reason is clear, since most muscles are attached to bones via tendons close to joints, causing these systems to have mechanical advantages much less than one.
  • An approximately equivalent mechanical system with the pivot at the elbow joint

• Convection

  • Similarly, the gap between the two panes of a double-paned window is about 1 cm, which prevents convection and takes advantage of air's low conductivity to prevent greater loss.
  • Fur, fiber and fiberglass also take advantage of the low conductivity of air by trapping it in spaces too small to support convection.
  • Such a mechanism is called positive feedback, since the process reinforces and accelerates itself.
  • These systems sometimes produce violent storms with lightning and hail, and constitute the mechanism that drives hurricanes.
  • The rise of clouds is driven by a positive feedback mechanism.

• Implications of Quantum Mechanics

  • The field of quantum mechanics has been enormously successful in explaining many of the features of our world.
  • Quantum mechanics has also strongly influenced string theory.
  • The application of quantum mechanics to chemistry is known as quantum chemistry.
  • Relativistic quantum mechanics can, in principle, mathematically describe most of chemistry.
  • Explain importance of quantum mechanics for technology and other branches of science

• Conservation of Mechanical Energy

  • Conservation of mechanical energy states that the mechanical energy of an isolated system remains constant without friction.
  • Conservation of mechanical energy states that the mechanical energy of an isolated system remains constant in time, as long as the system is free of all frictional forces.
  • This equation is a form of the work-energy theorem for conservative forces; it is known as the conservation of mechanical energy principle.
  • The total kinetic plus potential energy of a system is defined to be its mechanical energy (KE+PE).
  • An example of a mechanical system: A satellite is orbiting the Earth only influenced by the conservative gravitational force and the mechanical energy is therefore conserved.

• Work

  • Work performed by a closed system is the energy transferred to another system that is measured by mechanical constraints on the system.
  • In thermodynamics, work performed by a closed system is the energy transferred to another system that is measured by mechanical constraints on the system .
  • Thermodynamic work encompasses mechanical work (gas expansion, ) plus many other types of work, such as electrical.
  • As such, thermodynamic work is a generalization of the concept of mechanical work in mechanics.
  • Analyze the necessity to exclude energy transferred between system as heat from mechanical work

• Philosophical Implications

  • Since its inception, many counter-intuitive aspects of quantum mechanics have provoked strong philosophical debates.
  • This is due to the quantum mechanical principle of wave function collapse.
  • One of the most bizarre aspect of the quantum mechanics is known as quantum entanglement.
  • According to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, their shared state is indefinite until measured.
  • Formulate the Copenhagen interpretation of the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics

• A Physical Aside: Einstein coefficients

  • Fermi's Golden Rule relates the cross-section for a process to a quantum mechanical matrix element and the phase space available for the products.
  • Because quantum mechanics for the most part is time reversible, the cross-section for the forward and reverse reactions are related.

• The Wave Function

  • A wave function is a probability amplitude in quantum mechanics that describes the quantum state of a particle and how it behaves.
  • In quantum mechanics, a wave function is a probability amplitude describing the quantum state of a particle and how it behaves.
  • The laws of quantum mechanics (the Schrödinger equation) describe how the wave function evolves over time.
  • This figure shows some trajectories of a harmonic oscillator (a ball attached to a spring) in classical mechanics (A-B) and quantum mechanics (C-H).
  • In quantum mechanics (C-H), the ball has a wave function, which is shown with its real part in blue and its imaginary part in red.

• Mechanical Work and Electrical Energy

  • Mechanical work done by an external force to produce motional EMF is converted to heat energy; energy is conserved in the process.
  • Therefore, we conclude that the mechanical work done by an external force to keep the rod moving at a constant speed is converted to heat energy in the loop.
  • More generally, mechanical work done by an external force to produce motional EMF is converted to heat energy.
  • Apply the law of conservation of energy to describe the production motional electromotive force with mechanical work