Examples of RNA in the following topics:
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- Antisense RNAs are single-stranded RNA molecules that can bind and inhibit specific mRNA translation to protein.
- There are specific types of RNA molecules that can be utilized to control gene regulation, including messenger RNAs (mRNAs), small RNAs such as microRNAs and lastly, antisense RNAs.
- The following is a brief overview of antisense RNAs and their role in RNA regulation.
- Antisense RNAs are single-stranded RNA molecules that exhibit a complementary relationship to specific mRNAs.
- The antisense RNA can physically pair and bind to the complementary mRNA, thus inhibiting the ability of the mRNA to be processed in the translation machinery.
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- Small regulatory RNAs encompass a specific class of RNAs that affect gene regulation.
- Antisense RNAs are used to bind to complementary mRNAs and inhibit protein translation.
- The antisense RNAs are categorized as small regulatory RNAs due to their small size.
- Small regulatory RNAs encompass many RNAs involved in house-keeping processes as well.
- The antisense RNA can bind to the mRNA and inhibit translation.
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- Viruses that replicate via RNA intermediates need an RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase to replicate their RNA, but animal cells do not seem to possess a suitable enzyme.
- Therefore, this type of animal RNA virus needs to code for an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
- No viral proteins can be made until viral messenger RNA is available; thus, the nature of the RNA in the virion affects the strategy of the virus: In plus-stranded RNA viruses, the virion (genomic) RNA is the same sense as mRNA and so functions as mRNA.
- One of these includes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNA replicase), which copies the viral RNA to form a double-stranded replicative form, in turn this directs the formation of new virions.
- The positive-sense RNA serves as template for complementary negative-strand synthesis, thereby producing a double-stranded RNA (replicative form, RF) (5).
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- As a result it cannot eject the mRNA.
- The proteins which freed the ribosome remain with the mRNA which targets the nonstop mRNA for recognition by RNA degradation pathway.
- Trans-translation is a recently discovered pathway in E. coli, although it is not completely understood, it involves Transfer-messenger RNA (abbreviated tmRNA) which is a bacterial RNA molecule with dual tRNA-like and messenger RNA-like properties.
- Subsequently, the ribosome moves from the 3' end of the truncated messenger RNA onto the tmRNA where it translates the codons of the tmRNA until the tmRNA stop codon is encountered.
- A ribosome with its RNA binding sites, designated E, P, and A, is stuck near the 3' end of a broken mRNA.
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- Positive strand RNA viruses are the single largest group of RNA viruses with 30 families.
- Single stranded RNA viruses can be classified according to the sense or polarity of their RNA into negative-sense and positive-sense, or ambisense RNA viruses.
- Positive-sense viral RNA is similar to mRNA and thus can be immediately translated by the host cell.
- Negative-sense viral RNA is complementary to mRNA and thus must be converted to positive-sense RNA by an RNA polymerase before translation.
- Purified RNA of a negative-sense virus is not infectious by itself as it needs to be transcribed into positive-sense RNA; each virion can be transcribed to several positive-sense RNAs.
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- Northern blots allow investigators to determine messenger RNA molecular weight and sample content.
- The Northern blot is a technique used in molecular biology research to study gene expression in a sample, through detection of RNA (or isolated messenger RNA ).
- The major difference is that RNA, rather than DNA, is analyzed in the Northern blot.
- Eukaryotic mRNA can then be isolated through the use of oligo (dT) cellulose chromatography to isolate only those RNAs with a poly(A) tail.
- RNA samples are then separated by gel electrophoresis.
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- III: dsRNA viruses (e.g.
- Reoviruses)IV: (+)ssRNA viruses (+)sense RNA (e.g.
- Picornaviruses, Togaviruses)V: (−)ssRNA viruses (−)sense RNA (e.g.
- VI: ssRNA-RT viruses (+)sense RNA with DNA intermediate in life-cycle (e.g.
- An example of Baltimore Virus classification I: dsDNA virusesII: ssDNA virusesIII: dsRNA virusesIV: (+)ssRNA virusesV: (−)ssRNA virusesVI: ssRNA-RT virusesVII: dsDNA-RT viruses
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- The purpose of the ribosome is to translate messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins with the aid of tRNA.
- The purpose of the ribosome is to translate messenger RNA (mRNA) to proteins with the aid of tRNA.
- One is for the mRNA; the other two are for the tRNA.
- The binding sites for tRNA are the A site, which holds the aminoacyl-tRNA complex, and the P site, which binds to the tRNA attached to the growing polypeptide chain .
- The 50S subunit contains the 23S and 5S rRNA while the 30S subunit contains the 16S rRNA.
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- Nucleic acid sequencing and rRNA analysis consist of comparing nitrogen bases in rRNA.
- Sixteen S ribosomal RNA (or 16S rRNA) is a component of the 30S small subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes .
- Multiple sequences of 16S rRNA can exist within a single bacterium.
- Carl Woese pioneered this use of 16S rRNA.
- In addition, mitochondrial and chloroplastic rRNA are also amplified.
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- There are two classes of cancer viruses: DNA and RNA viruses.
- Specifically, RNA viruses have RNA as their genetic material and can be either single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) or double-stranded (dsRNA).
- Viruses which contain RNA for their genetic material but do include DNA intermediates in their life cycle are called "retroviruses. " There are numerous RNA oncogenic viruses that have been linked to various cancer types.
- Gag-encoded proteins also coat the genomic RNA.
- The RNA is plus sense (same sense as mRNA).