transmembrane

(adjective)

traversing a cellular membrane

Related Terms

Examples of transmembrane in the following topics:

  • T Cell Receptors

    • The antigen receptor of MHC-restricted CD4 helper T cells and CD8 cytolytic T cell is a heterodimer consisting of two transmembrane polypeptide chains, designated alpha and beta, covalently linked to each other by disulfide bonds.
    • Each alpha and beta chain consists of one variable domain (V), one constant domain (C), a hydrophobic transmembrane region, and a short cytoplasmic region .
    • T cell receptor consists of alpha and beta chains, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic region.

  • Membrane Potentials as Signals

    • Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electrical potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell.
    • Virtually all eukaryotic cells (including cells from animals, plants, and fungi) maintain a nonzero transmembrane potential, usually with a negative voltage in the cell interior as compared to the cell exterior.

  • Ionotropic and Metabotropic Receptors

    • Ionotropic receptors are a group of transmembrane ion channels that open or close in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (ligand) such as a neurotransmitter.The binding site of endogenous ligands on LGICs protein complexes are normally located on a different portion of the protein (an allosteric binding site) than the location of the ion conduction pore.The ion channel is regulated by a ligand and is usually very selective to one or more ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, or Cl-.
    • The metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors have seven hydrophobic transmembrane domains.

  • Planctomycetes

    • One such example is a gene sequence (in Gemmata obscuriglobus) that was found to have significant homology to the integrin alpha-V, a protein that is important in transmembrane signal transduction in eukaryotes.

  • Adherens Junctions

    • These are transmembrane adhesion proteins, whose main portions are located in the extracellular space.

  • Desmosomes

    • They are transmembrane proteins that bridge the space between adjacent epithelial cells by way of homophilic binding of their extracellular domains to other desmosomal cadherins on the adjacent cell.

  • Electron Donors and Acceptors

    • A common feature of all electron transport chains is the presence of a proton pump to create a transmembrane proton gradient.
    • Depending on their environment, bacteria can synthesize different transmembrane complexes and produce different electron transport chains in their cell membranes.

  • Sodium Pumps as an Alternative to Proton Pumps

    • Na+/K+-ATPase (Sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase, also known as Na+/K+ pump, sodium-potassium pump, or sodium pump) is an antiporter enzyme (EC 3.6.3.9) (an electrogenic transmembrane ATPase) located in the plasma membrane of all animal cells.
    • Usually, an H+ cycle includes generation of the transmembrane electrochemical gradient of H+ (proton motive force) by primary transport systems (H+ pumps) and its use for ATP synthesis, solute transport, motility and reverse electron transport.

  • Binding Initiates a Signaling Pathway

    • Cell-surface receptors, also known as transmembrane receptors, are membrane-anchored (integral) proteins that bind to external ligand molecules.
    • All G-protein-linked receptors have seven transmembrane domains, but each receptor has its own specific extracellular domain and G-protein-binding site.

  • Ion Channels

    • When a channel is open, ions permeate through the channel pore down the transmembrane concentration gradient for that particular ion.
    • They are a group of transmembrane ion channels that open or close in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (ligand), such as a neurotransmitter.