standardization

(noun)

the process of setting certain norms or standards for a product with regard to shape, size, color, quantity, quality, weight etc

Related Terms

Examples of standardization in the following topics:

  • The Standard Normal Distribution

    • The standard normal distribution is a normal distribution of standardized values called z-scores.
    • A z-score is measured in units of the standard deviation.
    • For example, if the mean of a normal distribution is 5 and the standard deviation is 2, the value 11 is 3 standard deviations above (or to the right of) the mean.
    • The mean for the standard normal distribution is 0 and the standard deviation is 1.
    • The value x comes from a normal distribution with mean µ and standard deviation σ.

  • Which Standard Deviation (SE)?

    • Although they are often used interchangeably, the standard deviation and the standard error are slightly different.
    • The standard error is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic.
    • Secondly, the standard error of the mean can refer to an estimate of that standard deviation, computed from the sample of data being analyzed at the time.
    • However, the mean and standard deviation are descriptive statistics, whereas the mean and standard error describes bounds on a random sampling process.
    • Standard deviation will be unaffected by sample size.

  • Standard Error

    • The standard error is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic.
    • Quite simply, the standard error is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic.
    • The standard error and the standard deviation of small samples tend to systematically underestimate the population standard error and deviations.
    • The standard error and standard deviation are often considered interchangeable.
    • Paraphrase standard error, standard error of the mean, standard error correction and relative standard error.

  • Estimating the Accuracy of an Average

    • The standard error of the mean is the standard deviation of the sample mean's estimate of a population mean.
    • In general terms, the standard error is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic.
    • The standard error of the mean (i.e., standard error of using the sample mean as a method of estimating the population mean) is the standard deviation of those sample means over all possible samples (of a given size) drawn from the population.
    • As mentioned, the standard error of the mean (SEM) is the standard deviation of the sample-mean's estimate of a population mean.
    • Note that the standard error and the standard deviation of small samples tend to systematically underestimate the population standard error and deviations because the standard error of the mean is a biased estimator of the population standard error.

  • Standard States and Standard Enthalpy Changes

    • In principle, the choice of standard state is arbitrary, although the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommends a conventional set of standard states for general use.
    • A standard pressure of 1 bar (101.3 kilopascals) has been accepted.
    • Strictly speaking, temperature is not part of the definition of a standard state; the standard state of a gas is conventionally chosen to be 1 bar for an ideal gas, regardless of the temperature.
    • The standard state should not be confused with standard temperature and pressure (STP) for gases, or with the standard solutions used in analytical chemistry.
    • The standard enthalpy of formation, or standard heat of formation, of a compound is the change in enthalpy that accompanies the formation of one mole of the compound from its elements in their standard states.

  • Standard Deviation: Definition and Calculation

    • If the standard deviation were zero, then all men would be exactly 70 inches tall.
    • This quantity is known as the standard deviation.
    • The sample standard deviation, $s$, is a statistic known as an estimator.
    • As mentioned above, most often the standard deviation is estimated using the corrected sample standard deviation (using $N-1$).
    • Dark blue is one standard deviation on either side of the mean.

  • Change of Scale

    • In order to consider a normal distribution or normal approximation, a standard scale or standard units is necessary.
    • In order to consider a normal distribution or normal approximation, a standard scale or standard units is necessary.
    • The standard score is the number of standard deviations an observation or datum is above the mean.
    • Standard scores are also called $z$-values, $z$-scores, normal scores, and standardized variables.
    • Includes: standard deviations, cumulative percentages, percentile equivalents, $Z$-scores, $T$-scores, and standard nine.

  • Standard Free Energy Changes

    • The standard Gibbs Free Energy is calculated using the free energy of formation of each component of a reaction at standard pressure.
    • These same definitions apply to standard enthalpies and internal energies.
    • Don't confuse these thermodynamic standard states with the "standard temperature and pressure" (STP) widely employed in gas law calculations.
    • To accomplish this, combine the standard enthalpy and the standard entropy of a substance to get the standard free energy of a reaction:
    • As with standard heats of formation, the standard free energy of a substance represents the free energy change associated with the formation of the substance from the elements in their most stable forms as they exist under the standard conditions of 1 atm pressure and 298K.

  • Standard Normal Distribution

    • State the mean and standard deviation of the standard normal distribution
    • A normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1 is called a standard normal distribution.
    • Since the distribution has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1, the Z column is equal to the number of standard deviations below (or above) the mean.
    • This process of transforming a distribution to one with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1 is called standardizing the distribution.
    • A portion of a table of the standard normal distribution

  • Standard Enthalpy of Reaction

    • The standard enthalpy of reaction is the enthalpy change that occurs in a system when a chemical reaction transforms one mole of matter under standard conditions.
    • In order to calculate the standard enthalpy of a reaction, we can sum up the standard enthalpies of formation of the reactants and subtract this from the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the products.
    • Note that because it exists in its standard state, the standard enthalpy of formation for oxygen gas is 0 kJ/mol.
    • Next, we sum up our standard enthalpies of formation.
    • A calculation of standard enthalpy of reaction (∆H°rxn) from standard heats of formation (∆H°f)