percent ionization

(noun)

the fraction of an acid that undergoes dissociation

Related Terms

Examples of percent ionization in the following topics:

  • Increased Cancer Risk from Radiation

    • Up to 10 percent of invasive cancers are related to radiation exposure, including both ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation.
    • Up to 10 percent of invasive cancers are related to radiation exposure, including both ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation.
    • Additionally, the vast majority of non-invasive cancers are non-melanoma skin cancers caused by non-ionizing ultraviolet radiation.
    • Exposure to ionizing radiation is known to increase the future incidence of cancer, particularly leukemia.
    • The most widely accepted model posits that the incidence of cancer due to ionizing radiation increases linearly with effective radiation dose at a rate of 5.5 percent per sievert.

  • Genetic Defects from Radiation

    • Ionizing radiation from fallout can cause genetic effects, birth defects, cancer, cataracts, and other organ and tissue defects.
    • Initial stage: the first 1–9 weeks; the period with the greatest number of deaths—90 percent due to thermal injury and/or blast effects and 10 percent due to super-lethal radiation exposure.
    • Intermediate stage: from 10–12 weeks; deaths in this period are from ionizing radiation in the median lethal range.
    • Ionizing radiation from fallout can cause genetic effects, birth defects, cancer, cataracts, and other organ and tissue defects.
    • By directly or indirectly ionizing, radiation can affect a cell's ability to conduct repair and reproduction.

  • Mass Spectrometry to Measure Mass

    • First, the sample is ionized.
    • There are a wide variety of techniques for ionizing and detecting compounds.
    • The ion source is the part of the mass spectrometer that ionizes the compound.
    • Chloride atoms and ions come in two isotopes, with masses of approximately 35 amu (at a natural abundance of about 75 percent) and approximately 37 amu (at a natural abundance of about 25 percent).
    • The components of the sample are ionized by one of a variety of methods, such as the ionizing filament.

  • Ionization Energy

    • This property is also referred to as the ionization potentia and is measured in volts.
    • Large atoms or molecules have low ionization energy, while small molecules tend to have higher ionization energies.
    • The ionization energy may be an indicator of the reactivity of an element.
    • Based on these two principles, the easiest element to ionize is francium and the hardest to ionize is helium.
    • This video explains the periodic trends in ionization energy....periodicity.

  • Structural Determination

    • For example, the most abundant isotope of carbon, C-12, is invisible to NMR, whereas the minor isotope C-13 is NMR active, but only comprises 1.1 percent of a given sample of carbon.
    • Mass spectrometry is a technique for determining the molecular weight of an ionized molecule and fragments of the molecule that appear when the molecule is ionized.
    • The addition of an isotope will change the observed mass of the parent ion—the molecule that is ionized and does not fragment.
    • The radioactive decay can be detected through an ionization chamber or autoradiographs of gels.

  • Calcium and Phosphate Balance Regulation

    • Ninety-nine percent or more is deposited in bone and the remainder plays a vital role in nerve conduction, muscle contraction, hormone release and cell signalling.
    • Calcium in plasma exists in three forms: ionized, nonionized and protein bound.
    • It is the ionized calcium concentration that is monitored by the parathyroid gland and if low, parathyroid hormone secretion is increased.
    • This increases ionized calcium levels by increasing bone re-absorption, decreasing renal excretion and acting on the kidney to increase the rate of formation of active Vitamin D, thereby increasing gut absorption of calcium.
    • Plasma phosphate has no direct effect on parathyroid hormone secretion; however, if it is elevated it combines with Ca++, decreasing ionized Ca++ in plasma, and thereby increasing parathyroid hormone secretion.

  • The Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment

    • Millikan then exposed the droplets to X-rays, which ionized molecules in the air and caused electrons to attach to the oil droplets, thus making them charged.
    • Although the charge of each droplet was unknown, Millikan adjusted the strength of the X-rays ionizing the air and measured many values of (q) from many different oil droplets.
    • The calculated value from the Oil-Drop Experiment differs by less than one percent of the current accepted value of 1.602176487(40)×10−19 C.

  • Radiation

    • Ionizing radiation could be a lethal health hazard if used inappropriately.
    • High-energy X-rays are a form of ionizing energy allowing to irradiate large packages and pallet loads of medical devices.

  • Weak Acids

    • On average, only about 1 percent of a weak acid solution dissociates in water in a 0.1 mol/L solution.
    • Weak acids ionize in a water solution only to a very moderate extent.
    • The strength of a weak acid is represented as either an equilibrium constant or a percent dissociation.

  • Measuring Radiation Exposure

    • Radiation dosimetry is the measurement and calculation of the absorbed dose from exposure to indirect and direct ionizing radiation.
    • Radiation dosimetry is the measurement and calculation of the absorbed dose in matter and tissue resulting from exposure to indirect and direct ionizing radiation.
    • It is a scientific subspecialty in the fields of health physics and medical physics that is focused on the calculation of internal and external doses from ionizing radiation.
    • There are several ways of measuring doses from ionizing radiation, including personal dosimeters and ionization chambers.