mechanization

Examples of mechanization in the following topics:

• Implications of Quantum Mechanics

  • The field of quantum mechanics has been enormously successful in explaining many of the features of our world.
  • Quantum mechanics has also strongly influenced string theory.
  • The application of quantum mechanics to chemistry is known as quantum chemistry.
  • Relativistic quantum mechanics can, in principle, mathematically describe most of chemistry.
  • Explain importance of quantum mechanics for technology and other branches of science

• Conservation of Mechanical Energy

  • Conservation of mechanical energy states that the mechanical energy of an isolated system remains constant without friction.
  • Conservation of mechanical energy states that the mechanical energy of an isolated system remains constant in time, as long as the system is free of all frictional forces.
  • This equation is a form of the work-energy theorem for conservative forces; it is known as the conservation of mechanical energy principle.
  • The total kinetic plus potential energy of a system is defined to be its mechanical energy (KE+PE).
  • An example of a mechanical system: A satellite is orbiting the Earth only influenced by the conservative gravitational force and the mechanical energy is therefore conserved.

• Mechanical and Organic Solidarity

  • Mechanical and organic solidarity are concepts referring to different modes of establishing and maintaining social order and cohesion.
  • Durkheim described two forms of solidarity: mechanical and organic, roughly corresponding to smaller and larger societies.
  • Mechanical solidarity refers to connection, cohesion, and integration born from homogeneity, or similar work, education, religiosity, and lifestyle.
  • Normally operating in small-scale "traditional" societies, mechanical solidarity often describes familial networks; it is often seen as a function of individuals being submerged in a collective consciousness.
  • Apply Durkheim's concepts of mechanical and organic solidarity to groups in the real world

• Curved Arrow Notation

  • A detailed description of the changes in structure and bonding that take place in the course of a reaction, and the sequence of such events is called the reaction mechanism.
  • A reaction mechanism should include a representation of plausible electron reorganization, as well as the identification of any intermediate species that may be formed as the reaction progresses.
  • It is now common practice to show the movement of electrons with curved arrows, and a sequence of equations depicting the consequences of such electron shifts is termed a mechanism.
  • In general, two kinds of curved arrows are used in drawing mechanisms:

• Rate Laws for Elementary Steps

  • It is important to keep in mind that every reaction mechanism is simply a proposed version of what might be occurring at the molecular level; even if a mechanism agrees with experimental results, it is impossible to prove a reaction mechanism for certain.
  • The sum of each elementary step in a reaction mechanism must yield the overall reaction equation.
  • The rate-determining step is the slowest step in a reaction mechanism.
  • Upon further analysis, the mechanism is given as:
  • The molecularity of an elementary step in a reaction mechanism determines the form of its rate law.

• Durkheim's Mechanical and Organic Solidarity

  • Mechanical solidarity is found in less structurally complex societies while organic solidarity emerges in industrialized societies.
  • As part of his theory of the development of societies in, The Division of Labour in Society (1893), sociologist Emile Durkheim characterized two categories of societal solidarity: organic and mechanical.
  • In a society exhibiting mechanical solidarity, its cohesion and integration comes from the homogeneity of individuals.
  • Mechanical solidarity normally operates in "traditional" and small-scale societies, and it is usually based on kinship ties of familial networks.
  • Give examples for societies held together by mechanical or organic solidarity

• Shifts Occurring by Addition-Elimination Mechanisms.

• Work

  • Work performed by a closed system is the energy transferred to another system that is measured by mechanical constraints on the system.
  • In thermodynamics, work performed by a closed system is the energy transferred to another system that is measured by mechanical constraints on the system .
  • Thermodynamic work encompasses mechanical work (gas expansion, ) plus many other types of work, such as electrical.
  • As such, thermodynamic work is a generalization of the concept of mechanical work in mechanics.
  • Analyze the necessity to exclude energy transferred between system as heat from mechanical work

• A Mechanism for Electrophilic Substitution Reactions of Benzene

  • A two-step mechanism has been proposed for these electrophilic substitution reactions.
  • The following four-part illustration shows this mechanism for the bromination reaction.
  • This mechanism for electrophilic aromatic substitution should be considered in context with other mechanisms involving carbocation intermediates.

• Regulatory Mechanisms for Cellular Respiration

  • Cellular respiration can be controlled at each stage of glucose metabolism through various regulatory mechanisms.
  • Various mechanisms are used to control cellular respiration.