Complex ion

(noun)

a compound consisting of a metal ion coordinated to various ligands in solution

Related Terms

  • formation constant
  • ion product constant for water
  • coordinate bond
  • Dative bond
  • ligand
  • coordinate covalent bond
  • coordination number

Examples of Complex ion in the following topics:

  • Complex Ion Equilibria and Solubility

    • Formation of a complex ion between a metal cation and a ligand can increase salt solubility.
    • A complex ion is an ion comprising one or more ligands attached to a central metal cation with a dative bond.
    • They form complex ions readily when their partially filled d subshell accepts donated electron pairs from other ions or molecules.
    • Examples of complex ions are [Fe(H2O)6]2+, [CoCl4]2-, [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+, [V(H2O)6]3+.
    • When solutions containing Fe3+ ion and thiocyanate ion are mixed, the deep red thiocyanatoiron (III) ion ([ FeSCN]2+) is formed.
  • Metal Cations that Act as Lewis Acids

    • Transition metals can act as Lewis acids by accepting electron pairs from donor Lewis bases to form complex ions.
    • Ligands create a complex when forming coordinate bonds with transition metals ions; the transition metal ion acts as a Lewis acid, and the ligand acts as a Lewis base.
    • The number of coordinate bonds is known as the complex's coordination number.
    • Common ligands include H2O and NH3 ; examples of complexes include the tetrachlorocobaltate(II) ion, [CoCl4]2- and the hexaqua-iron(III) ion, [Fe(H2O)6]3+.
    • The product is known as a complex ion, and the study of these ions is known as coordination chemistry.
  • Reactions of Coordination Compounds

    • In chemistry, a coordination or metal complex consists of an atom or ion (usually metallic) and a surrounding array of bound molecules or anions known as ligands or complexing agents.
    • The ions or molecules surrounding the central atom are called ligands.
    • The central atom or ion, together with all ligands, comprise the coordination sphere.
    • The central atoms or ion and the donor atoms comprise the first coordination sphere.
    • Originally, a complex implied a reversible association of molecules, atoms, or ions through such weak chemical bonds.
  • The Lithium-Ion Battery

    • Lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion batteries, or LIBs) are a family of rechargeable batteries in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge.
    • The ions follow the reverse path when the battery is charging.
    • Lithium-ion batteries are common in consumer electronics.
    • The electrolyte is typically a mixture of organic carbonates, such as ethylene carbonate or diethyl carbonate, containing complexes of lithium ions.
    • In a lithium-ion battery, the lithium ions are transported to and from the cathode or anode.
  • Biomolecules

    • Coordination complexes are found in many biomolecules, especially as essential ingredients for the active site of enzymes.
    • Coordination complexes (also called coordination compounds) and transition metals are widespread in nature.
    • While there are other biologically relevant molecules that also contain metals, coordination complexes contain a central metal ion and are important in many biological processes.
    • The metal ion is usually located in a pocket whose shape fits the substrate.
    • The catalytic cycle produces the bicarbonate ion and the hydrogen ion as the equilibrium favors dissociation of carbonic acid at biological pH values.
  • Mass Spectrometry to Measure Mass

    • As the field changes, ions respond by following complex paths.
    • In the ion source, the sample is vaporized (turned into gas) and ionized into sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions.
    • The angle at which the ion moves through the fields depends on its mass-to-charge ratio: lighter ions change direction more than heavier ions.
    • The streams of sorted ions pass from the analyzer to the detector, which records the relative abundance of each ion type.
    • The ion signal is processed into a mass spectrum.
  • Electron Transport Chain

    • Complex I can pump four hydrogen ions across the membrane from the matrix into the intermembrane space; it is in this way that the hydrogen ion gradient is established and maintained between the two compartments separated by the inner mitochondrial membrane.
    • Complex II directly receives FADH2, which does not pass through complex I.
    • This complex contains two heme groups (one in each of the cytochromes a and a3) and three copper ions (a pair of CuA and one CuB in cytochrome a3).
    • The reduced oxygen then picks up two hydrogen ions from the surrounding medium to produce water (H2O).
    • The removal of the hydrogen ions from the system also contributes to the ion gradient used in the process of chemiosmosis.
  • Fragmentation Patterns

    • The fragmentation of molecular ions into an assortment of fragment ions is a mixed blessing.
    • All of the significant fragment ions in this spectrum are even-electron ions.
    • In most alkane spectra the propyl and butyl ions are the most abundant.
    • The first two fragmentation paths lead to even-electron ions, and the elimination (path #3) gives an odd-electron ion.
    • The complexity of fragmentation patterns has led to mass spectra being used as "fingerprints" for identifying compounds.
  • Body Fluid Composition

    • This mixture of small molecules is extraordinarily complex, as the variety of enzymes that are involved in cellular metabolism is immense.
    • In contrast to extracellular fluid, cytosol has a high concentration of potassium ions and a low concentration of sodium ions.
    • The reason for these specific sodium and potassium ion concentrations are Na+/K ATPase pumps, which facilitate the active transport of these ions.
    • These pumps transport ions against their concentration gradients to maintain cytosol fluid composition of ions.
    • Some of the electrolytes present in the transcellular fluid are sodium ions, chloride ions and bicarbonate ions.
  • Chemiosmosis and Oxidative Phosphorylation

    • Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient.
    • If the membrane were open to diffusion by the hydrogen ions, the ions would tend to spontaneously diffuse back across into the matrix, driven by their electrochemical gradient.
    • However, many ions cannot diffuse through the nonpolar regions of phospholipid membranes without the aid of ion channels.
    • At the end of the pathway, the electrons are used to reduce an oxygen molecule to oxygen ions.
    • ATP synthase is a complex, molecular machine that uses a proton (H+) gradient to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).
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