Chemiosmosis and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient.

Learning Objective

Describe how the energy obtained from the electron transport chain powers chemiosmosis and discuss the role of hydrogen ions in the synthesis of ATP

Key Points

During chemiosmosis, the free energy from the series of reactions that make up the electron transport chain is used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane, establishing an electrochemical gradient.
Hydrogen ions in the matrix space can only pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane through a membrane protein called ATP synthase.
As protons move through ATP synthase, ADP is turned into ATP.
The production of ATP using the process of chemiosmosis in mitochondria is called oxidative phosphorylation.

Terms

chemiosmosis
The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient.
oxidative phosphorylation
A metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
ATP synthase
An important enzyme that provides energy for the cell to use through the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Full Text

During chemiosmosis, electron carriers like NADH and FADH donate electrons to the electron transport chain. The electrons cause conformation changes in the shapes of the proteins to pump H+ across a selectively permeable cell membrane. The uneven distribution of H⁺ ions across the membrane establishes both concentration and electrical gradients (thus, an electrochemical gradient) owing to the hydrogen ions' positive charge and their aggregation on one side of the membrane.

Chemiosmosis

In oxidative phosphorylation, the hydrogen ion gradient formed by the electron transport chain is used by ATP synthase to form ATP.

If the membrane were open to diffusion by the hydrogen ions, the ions would tend to spontaneously diffuse back across into the matrix, driven by their electrochemical gradient. However, many ions cannot diffuse through the nonpolar regions of phospholipid membranes without the aid of ion channels. Similarly, hydrogen ions in the matrix space can only pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane through a membrane protein called ATP synthase. This protein acts as a tiny generator turned by the force of the hydrogen ions diffusing through it, down their electrochemical gradient. The turning of this molecular machine harnesses the potential energy stored in the hydrogen ion gradient to add a phosphate to ADP, forming ATP.

ATP Synthase

ATP synthase is a complex, molecular machine that uses a proton (H+) gradient to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).

Chemiosmosis is used to generate 90 percent of the ATP made during aerobic glucose catabolism. The production of ATP using the process of chemiosmosis in mitochondria is called oxidative phosphorylation. It is also the method used in the light reactions of photosynthesis to harness the energy of sunlight in the process of photophosphorylation. The overall result of these reactions is the production of ATP from the energy of the electrons removed from hydrogen atoms. These atoms were originally part of a glucose molecule. At the end of the pathway, the electrons are used to reduce an oxygen molecule to oxygen ions. The extra electrons on the oxygen attract hydrogen ions (protons) from the surrounding medium and water is formed.

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