Examples of distilled water in the following topics:
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- Two or more elements combined into one substance through a chemical reaction, such as water, form a chemical compound.
- A common example of a chemical substance is pure water; it always has the same properties and the same ratio of hydrogen to oxygen whether it is isolated from a river or made in a laboratory.
- For example, tap water may contain small amounts of dissolved sodium chloride and compounds containing iron, calcium, and many other chemical substances.
- Pure distilled water is a substance, but seawater, since it contains ions and complex molecules, is a mixture.
- Explore the interactions that cause water and oil to separate from a mixture.
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- Prepare a solution of the unknown salt using distilled water and add a small amount of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution.
- To determine whether the precipitate is a bromide or iodide, use water with chlorine dissolved in it and the organic solvent carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).
- Chlorine water frees the bromine and iodine atoms as a gas.
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- The product can be purified by vacuum distillation.
- BBr3 is decomposed by water and alcohols.
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- Substances that can serve as both acids and bases, such as water, are termed amphoteric.
- Water serves nicely as the common base or acid for such determinations.
- In all the above examples water acts as a common base.
- The ether solution of the alcohol may then be separated from the water layer, and pure alcohol recovered by distillation of the volatile ether solvent.
- Relative acidity measurements in these solvents may be extrapolated to water.
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- Hydrides such as calcium hydride are used as dessicants, or drying agents, to remove trace water from organic solvents.
- In such cases, the hydride reacts with water, forming diatomic hydrogen and a hydroxide salt:
- The dry solvent can then be distilled or vac-transferred from the "solvent pot."
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- Alchemists knew nitric acid as aqua fortis (strong water).
- The mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids was known as aqua regia (royal water), celebrated for its ability to dissolve gold (the king of metals).
- Synthetically produced nitrates are key ingredients of industrial fertilizers and key pollutants causing the eutrophication of water systems.
- Nitrogen gas is an industrial gas produced by the fractional distillation of liquid air or by mechanical means using gaseous air (i.e., pressurized reverse osmosis membrane or pressure swing adsorption).
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- Simple alkyl derivatives of all three kinds are pyrophoric (burn spontaneously on exposure to air) and react with water to generate the corresponding alkane (RH); however, the zinc compounds are distinctly less reactive in other respects.
- Diethylzinc may be prepared and distilled (b.p. 117 ºC) under a protective atmosphere of CO2.
- Grignard and alkyl lithium reagents are not distillable liquids, and react rapidly with CO2 to give carboxylic acid salts.
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- Alkanes can be burned in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy; in situations with limited oxygen, the products are carbon monoxide, water, and energy.
- A mixture of products results, and these alkanes and alkenes can be separated by fractional distillation.
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- Because it comprises most of the mass in water, it also comprises most of the mass of living organisms.
- Oxygen is more soluble in water than nitrogen is; water contains approximately one molecule of O2 for every two molecules of N2, compared to an atmospheric ratio of approximately one to four.
- The solubility of oxygen in water is temperature-dependent, and about twice as much (14.6 mg/L) dissolves at 0 °C than at 20 °C (7.6 mg/L).
- At 5 °C the solubility increases to 9.0 mL (50 percent more than at 25 °C) per liter for water and 7.2 mL (45 percent more) per liter for sea water.
- High-purity liquid O2 is usually obtained by the fractional distillation of liquefied air.
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- For example, the reaction of PCl5 with water to become H3PO4 allows it to serve as a drying agent, or dessicant, with the P-O bond formation as the driving force.
- The other process utilizes white phosphorus, which may be produced by reaction and distillation from very low-grade phosphate sources.