National Origins Formula

Examples of National Origins Formula in the following topics:

• The Immigration Act of 1965

  • The Act abolished the National Origins Formula, which had been in place since the Immigration Act of 1924.
  • The National Origins Formula had set immigration quotas for specific countries, effectively giving preference to Northern and Western Europe over Eastern Europe, Asia, South America, and Africa.
  • This national origins quota system was viewed as an embarrassment by, among others, President John F.
  • The National Origins Formula was replaced with a preference system based on immigrants' skills and family relationships with U.S. citizens or residents.
  • Numerical restrictions on visas were set at 170,000 per year and per country-of-origin, not including immediate relatives of U.S. citizens or "special immigrants" (including those born in "independent" nations in the Western Hemisphere; former citizens; ministers; and employees of the U.S. government abroad).

• Toward Immigration Restriction

  • In his response to Congress, Cleveland stated, “The best reason that could be given for this radical restriction of immigration is the necessity of protecting our population against degeneration and saving our national peace and quiet from imported turbulence and disorder.
  • Influenced by Madison Grant's 1916 pro-Eugenics book, The Passing of the Great Race, nativists grew increasingly concerned with America’s ethnic purity and what Grant argued was the dilution of the national racial stock by an influx of new immigrants from the Mediterranean, the Balkans and the Polish ghettos.
  • In the 1920s, a large national consensus fueled by fears of low-skilled immigrants flooding the labor market helped sharply curtail the overall inflow of newcomers accepted to the United States.
  • The widespread acceptance of racist ideology and labor concerns led to a reduction in Southern and Eastern European immigrants being codified in the National Origins Formula of the Emergency Quota Act of 1921, which capped new immigrants at 3% of the number of people in that same ethnic group already in the United States.
  • Additionally, the Great Depression raised economics over ethnic purification in the hierarchy of national concerns.

• Yalta and the Postwar World

  • The meeting was intended mainly to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe.
  • Furthermore, the Soviets had agreed to join the United Nations, given the secret understanding of a voting formula with a veto power for permanent members of the Security Council, thus ensuring that each country could block unwanted decisions.
  • Also, the "Big Three" agreed that all original governments would be restored to the invaded countries (with the exception of France, Romania, and Bulgaria; the Polish government-in-exile was also excluded by Stalin) and that all civilians would be repatriated.
  • Roosevelt obtained a commitment by Stalin to participate in the United Nations.
  • Its purpose was to decide whether Germany was to be divided into six nations.

• The Debate over Slavery

  • This reduced the power of the slave states relative to the original Southern proposals, but increased it over the Northern proposal.
  • The three-fifths ratio was not a new concept; it had originated with a 1783 amendment proposed to the Articles of Confederation.
  • The South immediately objected to this formula because it would include slaves, who were viewed primarily as property, in calculating taxes owed.
  • While the original amendment to the Articles of Confederation had failed, the Three-Fifths Compromise was passed without extensive debate in the forming of the new Constitution.
  • Anti-slavery delegates were forced to yield in their demands that slavery practiced within the confines of the new nation be completely outlawed.

• The Role of the Government

  • The American System, originally called "The American Way," was an economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy during the first half of the nineteenth century.
  • In 1811, Congress authorized construction of a National Road, a project which was only partially completed with federal funds.
  • In order to protect the nation's business from foreign competition, advocates of the American System also supported protective tariffs.
  • The American System achieved some successes; however, Whig legislation was repeatedly blocked at the national level by anti-federalists.
  • Henry Clay says "Walk in and see the new improved grand original American System!

• The Women's Rights Movement

  • The National Woman's Party authored more than 600 pieces of legislation for women's equality, more than 300 of which were passed.
  • Alice Paul and Lucy Burns founded the organization originally under the name the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage in 1913; by 1917, the name had been changed to the National Women's Party.
  • The National Woman's Party also opposed World War I.
  • After 1920, the National Woman's Party authored more than 600 pieces of legislation fighting for women's equality; more than 300 of these were passed.
  • Evaluate how the actions of the National Women's Party pressured Wilson to support the Suffrage Amendment

• The Kellogg-Briand Pact

  • The Kellogg–Briand Pact was a 1928 international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them. " Parties failing to abide by this promise "should be denied the benefits furnished by this treaty. " It was signed by Germany, France, and the United States on August 27, 1928, and by most other nations soon after.
  • The Pact was initially signed initially by fifteen nations, including France, the United States, and Germany.
  • It was eventually signed by 62 nations and came into effect in July 1929.
  • However, neither this, nor the original treaty has prevented the subsequent use of annexation.
  • The dark green states are original signatories to the Pact; light green are states that later signed; light blue are territories of states that had signed; and dark blue are League of Nations governed territories.

• The Development of Holidays

  • Public holidays in the United States originated from established federal holidays, which were enacted by Congress in the 1870s.
  • There are no national holidays on which all businesses are closed by law.
  • The Eighth continued as an official national holiday from 1828 until the Civil War.
  • Thanksgiving is perhaps the most complicated and controversial of the original federal holidays.
  • It originated as a harvest festival and has been celebrated nationally on and off since 1789, after a proclamation by George Washington.

• The Farmer's Alliance

  • The movement included several parallel but independent political organizations: the National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union, comprised of white farmers of the South; the National Farmers' Alliance, comprised of white and black farmers of the Midwest and High Plains (where the Granger movement had been strong); and the Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Cooperative Union, comprised of African-American farmers of the South.
  • Political activists in the movement also made attempts to unite the two alliance organizations, along with the Knights of Labor and the Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Cooperative Union, into a common movement.
  • This failure prompted an evolution of the alliance into a political movement to field its own candidates in national elections.
  • The Populist Party, which fielded national candidates in the 1892 election, essentially repeated in its platform all of the demands of the alliance.
  • The convention produced the "Ocala Demands," which included a call for the abolition of national banks, an increase in circulating money, free silver, industrial regulations, a graduated income tax, lower tariffs, and the direct election of U.S. senators.

• The United Nations

  • Upon the ratification of the Charter of the United Nations in October 1945, the United Nations was officially established.
  • The League of Nations failed to prevent World War II (1939–1945).
  • Because of the widespread recognition that humankind could not afford a third world war, the United Nations was established to replace the flawed League of Nations in 1945.
  • The United Nations Peacekeeping began in 1948.
  • A map of the world showing when countries joined the United Nations.