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Chapter 14

Religion

Book Version 4
By Boundless
Boundless Sociology
Sociology
by Boundless
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Section 1
The Nature of Religion
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The Nature of Religion

Religion is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that relate humanity to spirituality and to moral values.

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The Elements of Religion

A conventional social scientific view understands religion as a group's collective beliefs and rituals relating to the supernatural.

Section 2
Types of Religions
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Magic and Supernaturalism

Supernaturalism refers to any belief system with supernatural forces, such as magic, and, in general, is prevalent in all societies.

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Animism

Animism is the belief that non-human entities are spiritual beings, either intrinsically or because spirits inhabit them.

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Theism and Monotheism

Theism refers to any belief system that incorporates a deity.

The Sacred and the Profane

Emile Durkheim posited the sacred–profane dichotomy as central to all religion, but critics suggest this theory is too eurocentric.

Section 3
The Functionalist Perspective on Religion
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Functions of Religion

The functionalist perspective, which originates from Emile Durkheim's work on religion, highlights the social role of religion.

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Religion and Social Support

According to many social science studies, psychological well-being is positively correlated with religious engagement.

Section 4
The Conflict Perspective on Religion
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Marx and the "Opiate of the Masses"

Karl Marx argues that religion works to calm uncertainty over our role in the universe and in society, and to maintain the status quo.

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Religion and Social Control

Marx viewed religion as a tool of social control used by the bourgeoisie to keep the proletariat content with an unequal status quo.

Section 5
The Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective on Religion
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Religious Symbols

Religious symbolism is the use of acts, artwork, and events to create a mythos expressing the teachings of the religion.

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Rituals

A ritual is a set of actions performed mainly for their symbolic value, that may be prescribed by the traditions of a community.

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Beliefs

Religious belief is a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny.

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Religious Experience

A religious experience is usually an uncommon occurrence in which an individual encounters what he or she considers to be the divine.

Section 6
Religious Organizations
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Cult

Cult refers to a religious movement or group whose beliefs or practices are considered abnormal or bizarre.

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Sect

A sect is a group with distinctive religious, political, or philosophical beliefs.

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The Christian Church

The Christian Church is the assembly of followers of Jesus Christ; in Christianity, a church is the building where its members meet.

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The Ecclesia

Ecclesias are different from churches because they typically must compete with other religious voices in a community.

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Religious Denominations

A religious denomination is a subgroup within a religion that operates under a common name, tradition, and identity.

Section 7
The Structure of Religion in the U.S.
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Religion in the U.S.

Due to the First Amendment, which grants freedom of religion, there is a diversity of religious beliefs and practices in the U.S.

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Religious Diversity

Religion in the United States is characterized by both a wide diversity in religious beliefs and practices and by a high adherence level.

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Widespread Belief

Christianity is the largest religion in the United States, with around 77% of the population identifying itself as Christian.

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Ecumenism

Ecumenism mainly refers to initiatives aimed at creating greater Christian unity or cooperation.

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Characteristics of Members of Different Religions

Religion plays a "very important" role in the lives of most Americans; a proportion unique among developed nations.

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Secularism and the Future of Religion

Most modern Western societies are recognized as secular because they enjoy near-complete freedom of religion.

Section 8
Major Religions in the U.S.
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Protestantism

Protestantism is one of the major umbrella religions in the U.S., and is constantly evolving in response to political and social changes.

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Catholicism

Catholicism has a long history in the U.S., with the Catholic Church the single largest religious denomination in the United States.

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Judaism

Judaism is the religion, philosophy, and way of life of the Jewish people.

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Islam

The American Muslim population is a racially diverse group that has been present in the U.S. since before the Civil War.

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Social Correlates of Religion

There are correlations between the degree of religious belief in society and social factors like mortality rates, wealth and happiness.

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Affiliation

The main religious preferences in the Unites States include (in order): Christianity, unaffiliate, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism.

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Religion
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