Examples of affect regulation in the following topics:
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- Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is described in clinical literature as a severe and relatively uncommon disorder that can affect children.
- The core feature is severely inappropriate social relating by affected children.
- exhibit some kind of emotional or social disturbance (for example, limited responsiveness, lack of positive affect, inexplicable instances of irritability or sadness, etc.); and
- In discussing the neurobiological basis for attachment and trauma symptoms in a seven-year twin study, it has been suggested that the roots of various forms of psychopathology—including RAD, borderline personality disorder (BPD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)—can be found in disturbances in affect regulation (i.e., the ability to regulate one's emotions).
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- There is growing evidence that prenatal stress can affect HPA regulation in humans.
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- Schizophrenia is a severe neuro-psychiatric disease that affects approximately 1% of the world's population.
- The study of neurotransmitters and schizophrenia is particularly important because most of the pharmaceutical treatment options for the disease involve regulating these chemicals.
- The first is the mesolimbic system, which affects areas regulating reward pathways and emotional processes; the second is the mesocortical system, which affects the prefrontal cortex, areas that regulate cognitive processing, and areas involved with motor control.
- The medial temporal lobe and hippocampus are associated with symptoms such as lack of focus and emotional regulation.
- Finally, the basal ganglia also affect schizophrenia.
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- Hormones are chemicals within the endocrine system that affect physiological activity.
- Epinephrine: also known as adrenaline; comes from the adrenal gland; affects blood pressure and other stress responses.
- Melatonin: comes from the pineal gland; affects circadian rhythm and sleep cycles.
- Oxytocin: the "cuddle" hormone; secreted by the pituitary gland; affects breast-feeding, trust between people;
- Pineal gland: regulates biorhythms and mood, and stimulates the onset of puberty.
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- Fetal alcohol syndrome affects both physical and mental development, damaging neurons within the brain and often leading to cognitive impairment and below-average weight.
- Temperature exposure can affect gene expression.
- For example, in Himalayan rabbits, the genetic expressions of fur, skin, and eyes are regulated by temperature.
- In this manner a caterpillar's behavior can directly affect gene expression; a caterpillar that actively seeks out light will appear different as a butterfly than one that avoids it.
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- It is regulated over both the long term and the short term.
- The hypothalamus regulates the body's physiological homeostasis.
- The long-term regulation of hunger prevents energy shortfalls and is concerned with the regulation of body fat.
- The short-term regulation of hunger deals with appetite and satiety.
- They inhibit hunger by raising blood glucose levels, elevating blood levels of amino acids, and affecting blood concentrations of fatty acids.
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- Childhood is a time of rapid emotional and social development, as children learn to regulate emotions and interact with others.
- As children develop advanced language skills, they develop the ability to regulate emotions.
- Emotional self-regulation refers to children's ability to monitor, evaluate, and modify their emotional reactions in any given situation.
- A child's temperament has a large impact on emotional self-regulation: children who are more negatively focused tend to have a more difficult time with regulation than those who are focused on the positive aspects of life.
- Empathy helps a child develop positive peer relationships; it is affected by a child's temperament, as well as by parenting style.
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- In many instances, such treatment may involve emotion regulation, in which people use cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence their own emotional experience.
- Different theoretical approaches to psychotherapy may involve different strategies for emotion regulation.
- Typically, the word emotion indicates a (generally conscious) subjective, affective state that is often intense and that occurs in response to a specific experience.
- Mood, on the other hand, refers to a prolonged, less intense affective state that does not necessarily occur in response to something we experience.
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- Mischel's cognitive-affective personality theory countered earlier trait theories and resulted in the person–situation debate.
- Mischel's ideas led him to develop the cognitive-affective model of personality.
- The conflict of ideas between trait theories and Mischel's cognitive-affective model became known as the person–situation debate, or "trait vs. state."
- One of Mischel’s most notable contributions to personality psychology is his work on self-regulation.
- Self-regulation refers to the ability to set and work toward goals; it is often described as willpower and often relates to the ability to delay gratification.
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- Hallucinogens affect the levels of serotonin or glutamate in the brain and are divided into psychedelics, dissociatives, and deleriants.
- Primary dissociatives are NMDA antagonists, which block glutamate from entering its receptors and regulating brain function.
- LSD, also a psychedelic, blocks serotonin from the brain, which regulates mood, perception, muscle contraction, and other cognitive functions.
- LSD causes a number of alterations in perception by affecting both cognitive and visual sensory systems, and it changes the sense of time, body-image, and ego.
- Memory is also greatly affected.