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The First Amendment: The Right to Freedom of Religion, Expression, Press, and Assembly
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Concept Version 10
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The Establishment Clause: Separation of Church and State

Pledge of Allegiance

Pledge of Allegiance

In 2002, controversy centered on a California court case that struck down a law providing for the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance (which includes the phrase "under God") in classrooms. Congress and the Supreme Court eventually overturned the ruling, demonstrating the controversy that exists in the interpretations of the Establishment Clause.

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    "US Navy 020911-N-2383B-591 Elementary students recite the Pledge of Allegiance during 9-11 Pentagon Observance Ceremony."
    http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_020911-N-2383B-591_Elementary_students_recite_the_Pledge_of_Allegiance_during_9-11_Pentagon_Observance_Ceremony.jpg Wikimedia Public domain.

Related Terms

  • Lemon Test
  • Thomas Jefferson
  • First Amendment
  • separation of church and state
  • establishment clause
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