IL-10

Examples of IL-10 in the following topics:

• Types of Cytokines Participating in Immune Response

  • Some of the more important ones include inflammatory mediators such as IL-1, IL-4, and IL-6, the potent anti-inflammatory IL-10, and other interleukins involved with T and B cell signaling following antigen presentation.

• Inflammation

  • Other inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-alpha and IL-1, increase the expression of adhesion molecules on vascular endothelial cells.
  • When acute inflammation ends (typically by release of anti-inflammatory mediators such as IL-10 or an end to the release of inflammatory mediators) resolution will occur if the problem is alleviated.

• Lymphocytes

  • Regulatory B cells (B reg cells) are immunosuppresive B cells that secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-10) to inhibit autoimmune lymphocytes.

• Specific T-Cell Roles

  • Through IL-10 - adenosine and other anti-inflammatory cytokines secreted by regulatory T cells - the CD8+ cells can be inactivated to an anergic state, which can prevent or reduce the severity of autoimmune diseases.

• Development of the Immune System

  • Also, T cells of a newborn proliferate poorly and produce very small amounts of cytokines like IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, and IFN-g which limits their capacity to activate the humoral response as well as the phagocitic activity of macrophage.
  • Depending on the sex either testosterone or 17-β-oestradiol, act on male and female bodies accordingly, start acting at ages of 12 and 10 years.

• Natural Killer Cells

  • Cytokines involved in NK activation include IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, IL-2, and CCL5.

• Cytokine Therapy

  • Virtually all nucleated cells, but especially endo/epithelial cells and resident macrophages (many near the interface with the external environment) are potent producers of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α.
  • In addition, elevated levels of IL-7, an important cytokine involved in T cell homeostasis, have been detected in the plasma of HIV-infected patients.
  • This results mainly in IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 production.

• Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis

  • Activated TH cells synthesize IFN-γ that stimulate further macrophages and further inflammatory mediator release like IL-1 and TNF-α.

• Stress and Immunity

  • For example, expression of IL-1 IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha from immune cells are all inhibited by cortisol, while cytokines that control helper T-cell activity are increased.

• The Appendicular Skeleton

  • The hands  have 54 bones: The left and right carpals (wrist, 16), metacarpals (10), proximal phalanges (10), intermediate phalanges (8), and the distal phalanges (10).
  • The feet and ankles have 52 bones: The left and right tarsals (ankle, 14), metatarsals (10), proximal phalanges (10), intermediate phalanges (8), and distal phalanges (10).