mass spectrometry

Examples of mass spectrometry in the following topics:

• Metabolomics

  • GC-MS is a method that combines the features of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample.
  • Further, it was noted that further progress in the field was in large part the result of addressing otherwise "irresolvable technical challenges" through technical evolution of mass spectrometry instrumentation.
  • Separation methods: Gas chromatography, especially when interfaced with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), is one of the most widely used and powerful methods.
  • Detection methods: Mass spectrometry (MS) is used to identify and to quantify metabolites after separation.
  • Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a method that combines the features of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample.

• Mapping Protein-Protein Interactions

  • The most widely employed tools are the yeast two-hybrid system and affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry.
  • Affinity purification of protein complexes coupled to mass spectrometry is carried out as follows: a specific protein (the bait) is manipulated to express an affinity tag.
  • Peptides are identified using mass spectrometry methods.

• Proteomics

  • While proteomics generally refers to the large-scale experimental analysis of proteins, it is often specifically used for protein purification and mass spectrometry.
  • New methods include protein microarrays, immunoaffinity, and chromatography followed by mass spectrometry , dual polarisation interferometry, Microscale Thermophoresis, and experimental methods such as phage display and computational methods.
  • Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is a soft ionization technique used in mass spectrometry.

• Crystallographic Analysis

  • .), purification of recombinant proteins (such as chromatography of affinity and gel filtration), enzymatic tests and inhibition measurement (spectrophotometry), crystallization, x-rays crystallography and structural analysis, interactions determination (microcalorimetry, fluorescence, BIAcore), conformational analyses (circular dichroism, ultracentrifugation, light scattering), modifications analysis (mass spectrometry), bioinformatics, and molecular modelisation.

• Annotating Genomes

  • Proteogenomics based approaches utilize information from expressed proteins, often derived from mass spectrometry, to improve genomics annotations.

• Measurements of Microbial Mass

  • Changes in the number of bacteria can be calculated by a variety of methods that focus on microbial mass.
  • There are several methods for measuring cell mass, including the gravimeter method which uses ordinary balances to weigh a sample (dry weight/ml) after the water has been removed.
  • An indirect method for calculating cell mass is turbidimetry.
  • An additional method for the measurement of microbial mass is the quantification of cells in a culture by plating the cells on a petri dish.

• Primary and Secondary Metabolites

  • Additionally, primary metabolites such as amino acids-- including L-glutamate and L-lysine, which are commonly used as supplements-- are isolated via the mass production of a specific bacterial species, Corynebacteria glutamicum.
  • It is mass produced and commonly administered orally .
  • Microorganisms such as Aspergillus niger are used in industrial microbiology for mass production of citric acid.
  • Erythromycin is an example of a secondary metabolite used as an antibiotic and mass produced within industrial microbiology.

• Gangrene

  • Gangrene is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that arises when a considerable mass of body tissue dies.
  • Gangrene is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that arises when a considerable mass of body tissue dies.

• Industrial Microorganisms

  • They are found in numerous ecological niches and are most often used in industry for the mass production of amino acids and nutritional factors.
  • Corynebacterium species are often used to mass produce amino acids utilized in food processing.

• Biological Weapons

  • Offensive biological warfare, including the mass production, stockpiling, and use of biological weapons, was outlawed by the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC).
  • A nation or group that can pose a credible threat of mass casualty has the ability to alter the terms on which other nations or groups interact with it.
  • Biological weapons allow for the potential to create a level of destruction and loss of life far in excess of nuclear, chemical, or conventional weapons, relative to their mass and cost of development and storage.