heparan sulfate

(noun)

A polysaccharide found, associated with protein, in all animal tissue; it has a regulatory function in several biological activities.

Related Terms

  • hemifusion
  • glycoprotein

Examples of heparan sulfate in the following topics:

  • Attachment and Entry of Herpes Simplex

    • Initial interactions occur when viral envelope glycoprotein C (gC) binds to a cell surface particle called heparan sulfate.
    • These include herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), nectin-1 and 3-O sulfated heparan sulfate.
  • Sulfate and Sulfur Reduction

    • Sulfate reduction is a type of anaerobic respiration that utilizes sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
    • Sulfate reduction is a type of anaerobic respiration that utilizes sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
    • All sulfate-reducing organisms are strict anaerobes.
    • Many bacteria reduce small amounts of sulfates in order to synthesize sulfur-containing cell components; this is known as assimilatory sulfate reduction.
    • Sulfate-reducing bacteria often create problems when metal structures are exposed to sulfate-containing water.
  • The Sulfur Cycle

    • Plants and microbes assimilate sulfate and convert it into organic forms.
    • Lots of bacteria reduce small amounts of sulfates to synthesize sulfur-containing cell components; this is known as assimilatory sulfate reduction.
    • By contrast, the sulfate-reducing bacteria considered here reduce sulfate in large amounts to obtain energy and expel the resulting sulfide as waste.
    • This process is known as dissimilatory sulfate reduction.
    • In a sense, they breathe sulfate.
  • Electron Donors and Acceptors in Anaerobic Respiration

    • Instead, molecules such as sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), or sulfur (S) are used as electron acceptors.
    • Sulfate reduction uses sulfate (SO2−4) as the electron acceptor, producing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as a metabolic end product.
    • Sulfate reduction is a relatively energetically poor process, and is used by many Gram negative bacteria found within the δ-Proteobacteria.
    • Some unusual autotrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria, such as Desulfotignum phosphitoxidans, can use phosphite (HPO3-) as an electron donor.
    • Describe various types of electron acceptors and donors including: nitrate, sulfate, hydrgoen, carbon dioxide and ferric iron
  • Anoxic Hydrocarbon Oxidation

    • Some sulfate-reducing bacteria can reduce hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, and have been used to clean up contaminated soils .
    • During this process, the hydrocarbon methane is oxidized with sulfate as the terminal electron acceptor: CH4 + SO42- → HCO3- + HS- + H2O.
    • It is believed that AOM is mediated by a syntrophic aggregation of methanotrophic archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria, although the exact mechanisms of this syntrophic relationship are still poorly understood.
    • Recent investigations have shown that some syntrophic pairings are able to oxidize methane with nitrate instead of sulfate.
  • Archaeoglobus

    • Archaeoglobus are sulfate-reducing archaea, coupling the reduction of sulfate to sulfide with the oxidation of many different organic carbon sources, including complex polymers.
    • Archaeoglobus are lithotrophs, and can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic.The archaeoglobus strain A. lithotrophicus are lithoautotrophs, and derive their energy from hydrogen, sulfate and carbon dioxide.
  • Methane-Producing Archaea: Methanogens

    • Because of this, methanogens thrive in environments in which all electron acceptors other than CO2 (such as oxygen, nitrate, trivalent iron, and sulfate) have been depleted.
    • In marine sediments, biomethanation is generally confined to where sulfates are depleted, below the top layers.
  • Microbial Ore Leaching

    • The net products of the reaction are soluble ferrous sulfate and sulfuric acid.
  • The Deltaproteobacteria

    • It is a branch of strictly anaerobic genera, which contains most of the known sulfate- (Desulfovibrio, Desulfobacter, Desulfococcus, Desulfonema, etc. ) and sulfur-reducing bacteria (e.g.
  • Nonthermophilic Crenarchaeota

    • The cells are cocci, 0.6-1.5 micrometres long, with sulfated polysaccharide walls.
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