Examples of T cells in the following topics:
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- T cells play a central role in cell-mediated immune response through the use of the surface T cell receptor to recognize peptide antigens.
- Cellular immunity is mediated by T lymphocytes, also called T cells.
- T cells do not produce antibody molecules.
- Effector cells include helper T cells, and cytolytic or cytotoxic T cells.
- Another class of T cells called regulatory T cells function to inhibit immune response and resolve inflammation.
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- T helper cells assist the maturation of B cells and memory B cells while activating cytotoxic T cells and macrophages.
- Differentiation into helper T cell subtypes occurs during clonal selection following T cell activation of naive T cells.
- Memory T cells comprise two subtypes: central memory T cells (TCM cells) and effector memory T cells (TEM cells), which have different properties and release different cytokines.
- Regulatory T cells (Treg cells), also known as suppressor T cells, are crucial for the maintenance of immunological tolerance.
- T cells become activated upon encountering a pathogen and can become either cytoxic T or helper T cells.
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- T cells can be either helper T cells or cytoxic T cells based on whether they express CD4 (helper) or CD8 (cytotoxic) glycoprotein.
- Immature T cells that migrate to the thymus are called thymocytes.
- Thosethat can't interact will undergo apoptosis (cell death).
- This insures T cell functionality since T cells with non-functional receptors cannot receive antigens and are thus useless to the immune system.
- The remaining cells exit the thymus as mature naive T cells.
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- Regulatory T cells are a subset of T cells which modulate the immune system and keep immune reactions in check.
- These cells are also called CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells, or Tregs.
- CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells have been called "naturally-occurring" regulatory T cells, to distinguish them from "suppressor" T cell populations that are generated in vitro.
- Additional suppressor T cell populations include Tr1, Th3, CD8+CD28-, and Qa-1 restricted T cells.
- An additional regulatory T cell subset, induced regulatory T cells, are also needed for tolerance and suppression.
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- Whether an immature lymphocyte becomes a B cell or T cell depends on where in the body it matures.
- The B cells remain in the bone marrow to mature (hence the name "B" for "bone marrow"), while T cells migrate to the thymus, where they mature (hence the name "T" for "thymus").
- Meanwhile, T cell receptors are responsible for the recognition of pathogenic antigens by T cells .
- Unlike B cells, T cells do not directly recognize antigens.
- Explain the role played by B and T cells in the adaptive immune system
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- Antigen presentation is a process where immune cells capture antigens and then enable their recognition by T-cells.
- Some cells, however, are specially equipped to acquire and present antigen, and prime naive T cells.
- Antigen presentation stimulates T cells to become either "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or "helper" CD4+ cells.
- MHC Class I molecules present antigen to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells.
- Cytotoxic T cells (also known as TC, killer T cell, or cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)) are a population of T cells that are specialized for inducing the death of other cells.
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- Cell mediated immunity is controlled by type 1 helper T cells (Th1) and cytotoxic T cells.
- Helper T cells facilitate the immune response by guiding cytotoxic T cells to pathogens or pathogen-infected cells, which they will then destroy.
- Then T-cell produced proteases enter the pathogen and induce an apoptosis response within the cell.
- Helper T cells secrete cytokines such as interferon-gamma, which can activate cytotoxic T cells and macrophages.
- This diagram of adaptive immunity indicates the flow from antigen to APC, MHC2, CD4+, T helper cells, B cells, antibodies, macrophages, and killer T cells.
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- Dendritic cells are immune cells that function to process antigens and present them to T cells.
- Mature dendritic cells reside in the T cell zones of the lymph nodes, and in this location they display antigens to T cells.
- Different subpopulations of dendritic cells may stimulate distinct types of T cell effector responses.
- Some may even inhibit T cell activation.
- IL-12 is a signal that helps differentiate naive CD4 T cells into a helper T cell phenotype.
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- T cells mature in the thymus and contain T cell receptors (TCRs) that allow them to bind to antigens on MHC complexes.
- Subtype 2 helper T cells present antigens to B cells.
- Subtype 1 helper T cells produce cytokines that guide cytotoxic T cells to pathogens and activate macrophages.
- Suppressor T cells (T-reg cells) retain some of their ability to bind to self-cells.
- Then mature helper T cells bind their antigen to naive B cells through BCRs.
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- Methods used to differentiate T cells and B cells include staining cell surface receptors and functional assays like the T lymphocyte cytotoxicity assay.
- T cells or T lymphocytes belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes.
- They are called T cells because they mature in the thymus.
- T-lymphocytes can be distinguished from other lymphocytes like B cells and natural killer cells (NK cells) by the presence of a T cell receptor (TCR) on the cell surface.
- Describe how T cells and B cells can be differentiated using staining of cell surface receptors and functional assays like the T lymphocyte cytotoxicity assay