substrate analog

Examples of substrate analog in the following topics:

• Reporter Fusions

  • This enzyme causes bacteria expressing the gene to appear blue when grown on a medium that contains the substrate analog X-gal.
  • In these cases it is important that both proteins be able to properly fold into their active conformations and interact with their substrates despite being fused.

• Allyl and Crotyl Addition to Aldehydes and Ketones

  • Chloral, being more electrophilic than most aldehydes, provides a convenient substrate for the uncatalyzed, room temperature addition of this reagent.
  • When achiral aldehydes and ketones are substrates for addition of allylic reagents, reaction takes place equally at both prochiral faces of the carbonyl double bond.
  • The bottom equation shows the analogous crotyl addition in which two new stereogenic centers are formed.
  • The following diagram shows the addition of some achiral allyl boron reagents to three aldehyde substrates of this kind.
  • Analogous crotyl additions (both E and Z) have been reported for these aldehyde substrates.

• Enzyme Active Site and Substrate Specificity

  • Enzymes bind with chemical reactants called substrates.
  • In others, two substrates may come together to create one larger molecule.
  • The enzyme's active site binds to the substrate.
  • A specific chemical substrate matches this site like a jigsaw puzzle piece and makes the enzyme specific to its substrate.
  • When an enzyme binds its substrate, it forms an enzyme-substrate complex.

• Nucleotide and Nonnucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

  • Nucleoside and nucleotide inhibitors are also called competitive substrate inhibitors.

• Substrates for Biosynthesis

  • Major metabolic pathways require substrates to be acted upon for the formation of larger, more complex products.
  • The major metabolic pathways require substrates to be acted upon for the formation of larger, more complex products.
  • These precursors are used as substrates for the biogenesis of large complex products.
  • This process is characterized by the production of various intermediates and molecules that function as substrates in additional pathways .
  • This pathway, comprised of a series of reactions, produces many intermediates and molecules utilized as substrates for biosynthesis in additional pathways.

• Enzyme Catalysis

  • They do this by binding the reactant(s), known as the substrate(s), to an active site within the enzyme.
  • At the active site, the substrate(s) can form an activated complex at lower energy.
  • This model proposes that the binding of the reactant, or substrate, to the enzyme active site results in a conformational change to the enzyme.
  • Electrostatic catalysis: electrostatic attractions between the enzyme and the substrate can stabilize the activated complex.
  • An enzyme catalyzes a biochemical reaction by binding a substrate at the active site.

• Models for Addition to Acyclic Substrates

  • The smaller trimethylsilyl ether derivative reacts rapidly and with very high diastereoselectivity, whereas the larger triisopropylsilyl analog reacts slowly and with poor diastereoselectivity favoring isomer B.
  • Reduction of similar α-substituted propiophenones, C6H5COCHYCH3 (Y = dimethylamino or acetoxy), by the hypervalent hydride reagent, C6H5(CH3)2SiFH(–) (C4H9)4N(+), proceeds with high diastereoselectivity, favoring the syn isomer analogous to B.
  • These same factors may also lead to 1:2-diastereoselectivity if α-substitution is present in the substrate.

• Overview of Reducing Agents

  • Note that Lithium Aluminum Hydride (LiAlH4) is the strongest reducing agent listed, and it reduces all the substrates.
  • In a similar sense, acyl chlorides are the most reactive substrate.

• Analogies

  • Choose a suitable analogy that the audience will be able to connect with and relate to.
  • Keep analogies short and simple.
  • Extreme analogies can weaken rather than strengthen an argument.
  • Use analogies as a springboard rather than as the main focus of the presentation.
  • Define analogies and how they can be used as a linguistic tool in public speaking

• Pili and Pilus Assembly

  • They are sometimes called "sex pili", in analogy to sexual reproduction, because they allow for the exchange of genes via the formation of "mating pairs".
  • The external ends of the pili adhere to a solid substrate, either the surface to which the bacteria are attached or to other bacteria, and when the pilus contracts, it pulls the bacteria forward, like a grappling hook.