slow-twitch

Examples of slow-twitch in the following topics:

• Slow-Twitch and Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibers

  • Skeletal muscle fibers can be further subdivided into slow and fast-twitch subtypes depending on their metabolism and corresponding action.
  • One muscle with many slow-twitch fibers is the soleus muscle in the leg (~80% slow-twitch), which plays a key role in standing.
  • Unlike slow-twitch fibers, fast twitch-fibers rely on anaerobic respiration (glycolysis alone) to produce two molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose.
  • As fast-twitch fibers generally do not require oxygenation, they contain fewer blood vessels and mitochondria than slow-twitch fibers and less myoglobin, resulting in a paler colour.
  • While there is evidence that each person has a unique proportion of fast-twitch versus slow-twitch muscles determined by genetics, more research is required.

• Aerobic Training vs. Strength Training

  • There are two principal ways to categorize muscle fibers: the type of myosin (fast or slow) present, and the degree of oxidative phosphorylation that the fiber undergoes.
  • These slow twitch fibers generate energy for ATP re-synthesis by means of a long-term system of aerobic energy transfer.
  • These fibers are suited for endurance activities and are slow to fatigue because they use oxidative metabolism to generate ATP.
  • The fast twitch fibers rely on a well-developed, short term, glycolytic system for energy transfer and can contract and develop tension at 2-3 times the rate of slow twitch fibers.
  • Running a marathon is emblematic of extended aerobic exercise that employs Type I (slow-twitch) muscles for extended endurance, and prioritizes aerobic metabolic pathways.

• Overview of Motor Integration

  • A motor unit consists of a single alpha motor neuron and all of the corresponding muscle fibers it innervates; all of these fibers will be of the same type (either fast twitch or slow twitch).
  • Time to peak of a twitch contraction (response to a single nerve impulse)
  • The quadriceps muscles contain many thousands of muscle fibers in general, both slow and fast twitch, to produce sufficient force for body movements such as standing, walking, running, and jumping.

• Velocity and Duration of Muscle Contraction

  • Skeletal muscle contractions can be broadly separated into twitch and tetanic contractions.
  • In a twitch contraction, a short burst of stimulation causes the muscle to contract, but the duration is so brief that the muscle begins relaxing before reaching peak force.
  • If another contraction occurs before complete relaxation of a muscle twitch, then the next twitch will simply sum onto the previous twitch, a phenomenon called summation.
  • Twitch contractions are short in duration.

• Stages of Sleep

  • Sudden twitches known as hypnic jerks are associated with this stage.
  • During sleep these spindles are seen in the brain as a burst of activity immediately following muscle twitching.
  • slowed bodily functions (e.g., lower blood pressure; decreased cardiac and metabolic activity).
  • This stage, formerly divided into two separate stages (3 and 4), is called slow-wave sleep, or SWS.

• Interactions of Skeletal Muscles

  • Taken all together these three periods are termed a twitch.
  • If an additional action potential were to stimulate a muscle contraction before a previous muscle twitch had completely relaxed then it would sum onto this previous twitch increasing the total amount of tension produced in the muscle.
  • Together these three periods form a single muscle twitch,
  • Repeated twitch contractions, where the previous twitch has not relaxed completely are called a summation.

• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

  • Other presenting symptoms include muscle fasciculation (twitching), cramping, or stiffness of affected muscles; muscle weakness affecting an arm or a leg; and/or slurred and nasal speech.
  • Symptoms of lower motor neuron degeneration include muscle weakness and atrophy, muscle cramps, and fleeting twitches of muscles that can be seen under the skin (fasciculations).

• Phantom Limb Sensation

  • Phantom limb sensations include pain, itches, twitching, and feelings of gesturing.
  • Although not all phantom limbs are painful, patients will sometimes feel as if they are gesturing, feeling itches, twitching, or even trying to pick up things.

• Muscle Metabolism

  • However, the pool is very small and after a few muscle twitches will be exhausted.

• Overall Reaction Rate Laws

  • As discussed in the previous concept, if the first step in a reaction mechanism is the slow, rate-determining step, then the overall rate law for the reaction is easy to write, and simply follows the stoichiometry of the initial step.
  • Step two is the slow, rate-determining step, so it might seem reasonable to assume that the rate law for this step should be the overall rate law for the reaction.
  • Combine elementary reaction rate constants to obtain equilibrium coefficients and construct overall reaction rate laws for reactions with both slow and fast initial steps