reduction

Examples of reduction in the following topics:

• Standard Reduction Potentials

  • Reduction potential (also known as redox potential, oxidation/reduction potential, or Eh) measures the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons and thereby be reduced.
  • Reduction potential is measured in volts (V) or millivolts (mV).
  • Each species has its own intrinsic reduction potential.
  • Since the reduction potential measures the intrinsic tendency for a species to undergo reduction, comparing standard reduction potential for two processes can be useful for determining how a reaction will proceed.
  • Recall that a positive reduction potential indicates a thermodynamically favorable reaction relative to the reduction of a proton to hydrogen

• Drive-Reduction Theory

• Breast Augmentation and Reduction

  • Breast augmentation is surgical enhancement of the breasts to increase size, while reduction is surgical removal of tissue to decrease size.
  • Reduction mammoplasty (also breast reduction and reduction mammoplasty) is the plastic surgery procedure for correcting over-sized breasts.
  • The indications for breast reduction surgery are three-fold — physical, aesthetic, and psychological — the restoration of the bust, of the woman's self-image, and of her mental health.
  • In corrective practice, the surgical techniques and praxis for reduction mammoplasty also are applied to mastopexy (breast lift).
  • Moreover, the correction of gynecomastia (woman's breast) is the analogous, enlarged male-breast reduction surgery procedure, wherein there is no consideration of lactation capability.

• Genome Reduction

  • Genome reduction is the loss of genome size of a species in comparison to its ancestors.
  • The opposite or genome reduction also occurs.
  • Genome reduction, also known as genome degradation, is the process by which a genome shrinks relative to its ancestor.
  • Genomes fluctuate in size regularly; however, genome size reduction is most significant in bacteria.The most evolutionary significant cases of genome reduction may be the eukaryotic organelles that are derived from bacteria: the mitochondrion and plastid.
  • The reductive evolution model has been proposed as an effort to define the genomic commonalities seen in all obligate endosymbionts.

• Thermodynamics of Redox Reactions

  • The thermodynamics of redox reactions can be determined using their standard reduction potentials and the Nernst equation.
  • Walther Nernst was a German chemist and physicist who developed an equation in the early 20th century to relate reduction potential, temperature, concentration, and moles of electrons transferred.
  • The Nernst equation allows the reduction potential to be calculated at any temperature and concentration of reactants and products; the standard reaction potential must be measured at 298K and with each solution at 1M.
  • This equation allows the equilibrium constant to be calculated just from the standard reduction potential and the number of electrons transferred in the reaction.
  • Translate between the equilibrium constant/reaction quotient, the standard reduction potential, and the Gibbs free energy change for a given redox reaction

• Statistical Literacy

  • What is the technical term for the measure of risk reduction reported?
  • What measures of risk reduction cannot be determined from the article?
  • What additional information would have been helpful for assessing risk reduction?
  • This is called the "relative risk reduction. " The article does not provide information necessary to compute the absolute risk reduction, the odds ratio, or the number needed to treat.

• Drive-Reduction Theory of Motivation

  • Drive-reduction theory was first developed by Clark Hull in 1943.
  • Drive-reduction theory distinguishes between primary and secondary drives.
  • According to Hull, drive reduction is a major aspect of learning.
  • There are several issues that leave the validity of drive-reduction theory open for debate.
  • Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of how drive-reduction theory explains motivation

• Supply Reduction

  • A second reduction in supply that is quite common in developed nations is utilizing surplus for foreign aid.
  • Environmental concerns have also been widely cited as a reductive influence on the agriculture market.
  • Climate changes means a different growing environment for plants, which are not used to it. illustrates the reduction in yield as a result of altering climatic environments.
  • This chart illustrates the reduction in yield as a result of altering climatic environments.
  • Food prices over time, particularly in recent years, are demonstrating a trend upwards that may reflect a reduction in overall efficiency of agricultural production or reductions in supply.

• Nitrate Reduction and Denitrification

  • E. coli) only produce nitrate reductase and therefore can accomplish only the first reduction leading to the accumulation of nitrite.
  • Generally, several species of bacteria are involved in the complete reduction of nitrate to molecular nitrogen, and more than one enzymatic pathway have been identified in the reduction process.
  • The direct reduction of nitrate to ammonium (dissimilatory nitrate reduction) can be performed by organisms with the nrf-gene.
  • This is a less common method of nitrate reduction than denitrification in most ecosystems.
  • Outline the processes of nitrate reduction and denitrification and the organisms that utilize it

• Reduction

  • The metal hydride reductions and organometallic additions to aldehydes and ketones, described above, both decrease the carbonyl carbon's oxidation state, and may be classified as reductions.
  • Other useful reductions of carbonyl compounds, either to alcohols or to hydrocarbons, may take place by different mechanisms.
  • The first diagram below shows how this reduction may be used to convert cyclopentanone to cyclopentane.
  • A possible mechanism for the Clemmensen reduction is displayed in the second diagram below.
  • These derivatives may be isolated and purified before continuing the reduction.