plastid

Examples of plastid in the following topics:

• The Evolution of Plastids

  • There are three type of plastids: chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts.
  • Chloroplasts are plastids that conduct photosynthesis.
  • Chromoplasts are plastids that synthesize and store pigments.
  • Plastids, like mitochondria, cannot live independently outside the host.
  • In addition, like mitochondria, plastids derive from the binary fission of other plastids.

• The Energetics of Chemolithotrophy

  • An example of this is chemolithotrophic bacteria in deep sea worms or plastids, which are organelles within plant cells that may have evolved from photolithotrophic cyanobacteria-like organisms.
  • An example of this is chemolithotrophic bacteria in deep sea worms or plastids, which are organelles within plant cells that may have evolved from photolithotrophic cyanobacteria-like organisms .

• Chromalveolata: Alveolates

  • However, some chromalveolates appear to have lost red alga-derived plastid organelles or lack plastid genes altogether.
  • This phenomenon is called a red tide and results from the abundant red pigments present in dinoflagellate plastids.

• Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells

  • In addition, plant cells have a cell wall, a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and other specialized plastids, whereas animal cells do not.
  • Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata, and plastids used for storage, and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not.

• Genome Reduction

  • Genomes fluctuate in size regularly; however, genome size reduction is most significant in bacteria.The most evolutionary significant cases of genome reduction may be the eukaryotic organelles that are derived from bacteria: the mitochondrion and plastid.

• Steroids

  • In contrast to the classical mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis, plants and apicomplexan protozoa such as malaria parasites have the ability to produce their isoprenoids (terpenoids) using an alternative pathway, the non-mevalonate pathway, which takes place in their plastids.

• Phylogeny of the Eukarya

  • Later endosymbiosis led to the spread of plastids in some lineages.

• Plant Responses to Gravity

  • Amyloplasts (also known as statoliths) are specialized plastids that contain starch granules and settle downward in response to gravity.

• Endosymbiosis and the Evolution of Eukaryotes

  • More detailed electron microscopic comparisons between cyanobacteria and chloroplasts combined with the discovery that plastids (organelles associated with photosynthesis) and mitochondria contain their own DNA led to a resurrection of the idea in the 1960s.

• Comparing Plant and Animal Cells

  • Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and other specialized plastids, and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not.