neutralization

(noun)

In the immunological sense refers to the ability of antibodies to block the site(s) on bacteria or viruses that they use to enter their target cell. One example of this within biology is a neutralizing antibody.

Related Terms

  • endosomes
  • virion

Examples of neutralization in the following topics:

  • Neutralization Reaction

    • Neutralization reactions are used to inactivate viruses and evaluate neutralizing antibodies.
    • A neutralizing antibody defends a cell from an antigen or infectious body by inhibiting or neutralizing any effect it has biologically .
    • Antibodies can also neutralize viral infectivity by binding to cell surface receptors.
    • Neutralizing antibodies have shown potential in the treatment of retroviral infections.
    • In diagnostic immunology and virology laboratories, the evaluation of neutralizing antibodies, which destroy the infectivity of viruses, can be measured by the neutralization method.
  • Degrees of Neutrality

    • Despite an official position of neutrality declared in the Neutrality Act of 1939, the U.S. consistently supported the Allied forces.
    • The Lateran Treaty signed in 1929 with Italy imposed that "The Pope was pledged to perpetual neutrality in international relations," making the Vatican City neutral during World War II.
    • Several other countries attempted to remain neutral but were invaded.
    • Green: neutral status, recognized by constitutions and international society; pink: neutral status not recognized by international society; orange: formerly neutral states
    • Identify the nation states that remained neutral throughout World War II.
  • Gender-Neutral Language

    • Gender neutrality in language minimizes assumptions about the gender or sex of people referred to in writing or speech.
    • Gender-neutral language is neither masculine nor feminine and avoids using gender specific pronouns such as "he" or "she." 
    • The purpose of gender neutrality in writing is to minimize assumptions about the gender or sex of people.
    • Using gender-neutral pronouns avoids presumptions of male superiority.
    • Different authorities have presented guidelines on when and how to use gender-neutral, or "non-sexist" language.
  • American Neutrality

    • Although World War I began in Europe in 1914, the U.S. pursued a policy of neutrality until 1917.
    • Apart from an Anglophile element supporting the British, public opinion initially favored neutrality.
    • The British frequently violated America's neutral rights by seizing ships, causing presidential adviser Colonel Edward M.
    • Wilson issued another warning to Germany that it would face "strict accountability" if it sank neutral U.S. passenger ships.
    • Explain the rationale for America's initial neutrality in World War I.
  • Value Neutrality in Sociological Research

    • Value neutrality is the duty of sociologists to strive to be impartial and overcome their biases as they conduct their research.
    • This inevitably renders truly value-free research inconceivable; however despite this, sociologists should strive for value neutrality.
    • Is value neutrality possible?
    • Value neutrality does not mean having no opinions, however.
    • Reconstruct the tension surrounding the idea of value neutrality in sociological research
  • Strong Acid-Strong Base Titrations

    • A strong acid will react with a strong base to form a neutral (pH = 7) solution.
    • An acid-base titration is used to determine the unknown concentration of an acid or base by neutralizing it with an acid or base of known concentration.
    • It makes use of the neutralization reaction that occurs between acids and bases and the knowledge of how acids and bases will react if their formulas are known.
    • Neutralization is the reaction between an acid and a base, producing a salt and neutralized base.
    • Neutralization is the basis of titration.
  • A Strained Neutrality

    • In the early years of World War I, Wilson urged neutrality and attempted to mediate peace, despite growing anti-German sentiment in the US.
    • When the war began, the U.S. proclaimed a policy of strict neutrality—"in thought and deed", as President Woodrow Wilson put it.
    • Anti-war sentiment was still strong in the US, despite growing calls for an end to neutrality.
    • President Woodrow Wilson looking out his door at howling dog labeled "Jingo"; representing those in the U.S. eager to join the Great War against Germany contrary to the administration's policy of neutrality.
    • Discuss the factors that strained America's commitment to neutrality in the early years of World War I.
  • Neutral Rights and Submarines

    • Both the Allied powers and Germany attempted naval blockades, interrupting American neutral rights at sea.
    • Neutral American ships that tried to trade with Germany were seized or turned back.
    • The British frequently violated America's neutral rights by seizing ships.
    • House, commented, "The British have gone as far as they possibly could in violating neutral rights, though they have done it in the most courteous way. " When Wilson protested British violations of American neutrality, the British backed down.
    • Wilson issued a warning to Germany that it would face "strict accountability" if it sank more neutral U.S. passenger ships.
  • Peroxisomes

    • Peroxisomes neutralize harmful toxins and carry out lipid metabolism and oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids.
    • In this way, peroxisomes neutralize poisons, such as alcohol, that enter the body.
    • Peroxisomes oversee reactions that neutralize free radicals.
    • Like miniature sewage treatment plants, peroxisomes neutralize harmful toxins so that they do not cause damage in the cells.
  • Ionic Radius

    • Ions may be larger or smaller than the neutral atom, depending on the ion's charge.
    • For example, while neutral lithium is larger than neutral fluorine, the lithium cation is much smaller than the fluorine anion, due to the lithium cation having a different highest energy shell.
    • The neutral atoms are colored gray, cations red, and anions blue.
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