long-term potentiation

Examples of long-term potentiation in the following topics:

• Synaptic Plasticity

  • Two processes in particular, long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), are important forms of synaptic plasticity that occur in synapses in the hippocampus: a brain region involved in storing memories .
  • Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent strengthening of a synaptic connection, which can last for minutes or hours.
  • Long-term depression (LTD) is essentially the reverse of LTP: it is a long-term weakening of a synaptic connection.
  • The weakening and pruning of unused synapses trims unimportant connections, leaving only the salient connections strengthened by long-term potentiation.
  • Calcium entry through postsynaptic NMDA receptors can initiate two different forms of synaptic plasticity: long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD).

• Habituation, Sensitization, and Potentiation

  • Potentiation, habituation, and sensitization are three ways in which stimuli in the environment produce changes in the nervous system.
  • Three ways in which this occurs include long-term potentiation, habituation, and sensitization.
  • One way that the nervous system changes is through potentiation, or the strengthening of the nerve synapses (the gaps between neurons).
  • Long-term potentiation (LTP) is the persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity: it occurs when a neuron shows an increased excitability over time due to a repeated pattern, behavior, or response.
  • The opposite of LTP is long-term depression (LTD), which produces a long-lasting decrease in synaptic strength.

• Other Steps

  • Encoding allows an item of interest or purpose to be converted into a usable construct that is stored within the brain; it is later recalled from long-term memory.
  • The hippocampus then analyzes the sensations and decides if they are worth committing to long-term memory.
  • Dendrites, which are extensions of neurons, receive the impulse and allow the synapse to increase in strength; this is known as long-term potentiation.
  • Long-term potentiation initiates NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors, which in turn influence the flow of information between neurons.
  • Studies have shown that the long-term retention of information is greatly improved through the use of elaborative encoding.

• Analyzing Long-Term Liabilities

  • Analyzing long-term liabilities combines debt ratio analysis, credit analysis and market analysis to assess a company's financial strength.
  • Analyzing long-term liabilities is done for assessing the likelihood the long-term liability's terms will be met by the borrower.
  • Analyzing long-term liabilities is necessary to avoid buying the bonds of, or lending to, a company that may potentially become insolvent.
  • $\frac { Long-Term\quad Debt\quad +\quad Value\quad of\quad Leases }{ Average\quad Shareholders\quad Equity }$
  • When gathering information, an analyst should always read the footnotes contained in financial statements to determine if there are any disclosures related to long-term liabilities or other factors that may impact the company's ability to pay it's long-term obligations.

• The Slope of the Long-Run Aggregate Supply Curve

  • In the long-run, firms change supply levels in response to expected economic profits or losses.
  • In the long-run, there is exactly one quantity that will be supplied.
  • Similarly, changes in technology can shift the curve by changing the potential output from the same amount of inputs in the long-term.
  • The equation used to calculate the long-run aggregate supply is: Y = Y*.
  • Assess factors that influence the shape and movement of the long run aggregate supply curve

• Defining Graviational Potential Energy

  • What is the gravitational potential energy of a 1kg block on top of a 1m high table?
  • The potential energy due to elevated positions is called gravitational potential energy, and is evidenced by water in an elevated reservoir or kept behind a dam.
  • Note that "height" in the common sense of the term cannot be used for gravitational potential energy calculations when gravity is not assumed to be a constant.
  • In most situations, the change in potential energy is the relevant quantity:
  • A trebuchet uses the gravitational potential energy of the counterweight to throw projectiles over long distances.

• Stages of the Action Potential

  • In order for a neuron to move from resting potential to action potential—a short-term electrical change that allows an electrical signal to be passed from one neuron to another—the neuron must be stimulated by pressure, electricity, chemicals, or another form of stimuli.
  • Therefore, the neuron cannot reach action potential during this "rest period."
  • In other words, larger currents do not create larger action potentials.
  • The frequency of action potentials is correlated with the intensity of a stimulus.
  • Reuptake is necessary for normal synaptic physiology because it allows for the recycling of neurotransmitters and regulates the neurotransmitter level in the synapse, thereby controlling how long a signal resulting from neurotransmitter release lasts.

• Standard Reduction Potentials

  • Reduction potential (also known as redox potential, oxidation/reduction potential, or Eh) measures the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons and thereby be reduced.
  • Reduction potential is measured in volts (V) or millivolts (mV).
  • Each species has its own intrinsic reduction potential.
  • Historically, many countries, including the United States and Canada, used standard oxidation potentials rather than reduction potentials in their calculations.
  • However, because these can also be referred to as "redox potentials," the terms "reduction potentials" and "oxidation potentials" are preferred by the IUPAC.

• The Action Potential and Propagation

  • Neurons typically send signals over long distances by generating and propagating action potentials over excitable axonal membrane.
  • Action potential is a brief reversal of membrane potential where the membrane potential changes from -70mV to +30mV.
  • When the membrane potential of the axon hillock of a neuron reaches threshold, a rapid change in membrane potential occurs in the form of an action potential.
  • Schematic and B. actual action potential recordings.
  • The action potential is a clear example of how changes in membrane potential can act as a signal.

• Sums, Differences, Products, and Quotients

  • A monomial equations has one term; a binomial has two terms; a trinomial has three terms.
  • Outer ("outside" terms are multiplied—that is, the first term of the first binomial and the second term of the second)
  • Inner ("inside" terms are multiplied—second term of the first binomial and first term of the second)
  • The general form of the FOIL method using only variables as the potential multipliers.
  • Use the idea of combining like terms to add and subtract functions, and the FOIL method and long division to multiply and divide functions