lanthanide contraction

Examples of lanthanide contraction in the following topics:

• Lanthanides and Actinides

  • Lanthanides and actinides are elements of the inner transition series of the periodic table.
  • The 14 elements (numbers 58 to 71) of the lanthanide series are also known as the rare earth elements.
  • Most lanthanides are formed when uranium and plutonium undergo nuclear reactions.
  • This phenomenon is known as the lanthanide contraction.
  • All the lanthanide elements exhibit the oxidation state +3.

• The Bottom of the Periodic Table

  • The atomic number that should be here, 57, is located at the bottom of the table in the row called the Lanthanides.
  • By expanding the horizontal dimensions of the table, the actinide and lanthanide rows can be put into their correct relative positions.
  • In 1934 only 4 actinides were known, all smaller than uranium, so it was not known that they formed a period or family like the lanthanides.
  • The actinides were added along with the lanthanides.
  • The lanthanides and actinides are added as separate but connected rows, building what is called the f-block.

• Types of Muscle Contractions: Isotonic and Isometric

  • Muscle contractions are defined by the changes in the length of the muscle during contraction.
  • Several types of muscle contractions occur and they are defined by the changes in the length of the muscle during contraction.
  • A concentric contraction is a type of muscle contraction in which the muscles shorten while generating force, overcoming resistance.
  • A yielding contraction occurs when a muscle contraction is opposed by resistance.
  • An overcoming contraction occurs when a muscle contraction is opposed by an immovable object.

• ATP and Muscle Contraction

  • ATP is critical for muscle contractions because it breaks the myosin-actin cross-bridge, freeing the myosin for the next contraction.
  • Muscles contract in a repeated pattern of binding and releasing between the two thin and thick strands of the sarcomere.
  • When the actin is pulled approximately 10 nm toward the M-line, the sarcomere shortens and the muscle contracts.
  • Therefore, without ATP, muscles would remain in their contracted state, rather than their relaxed state.
  • With each contraction cycle, actin moves relative to myosin.

• Futures and Forward Contracts

  • Standardized contracts allow investors to buy and sell futures contracts on organized exchanges.
  • You could sell your futures contract on the derivatives market if you no longer want the contract.
  • Contract size is 10,000 barrels of petroleum with a contract price of $75 per barrel.
  • On the other side of the contract, the bank benefits from this contract.
  • If a speculator bought this contract from the Malaysian bank, then he or she loses approximately $250,000 on this contract if the contract matured today.

• Interactions of Skeletal Muscles

  • Skeletal muscle contractions can be grouped based on the length and frequency of contraction.
  • The time between the stimulus and the initiation of contraction is termed the latent period, which is followed by the contraction period.
  • At peak contraction the muscle relaxes and returns to its resting position.
  • After contraction the muscle relaxes back to a resting level of tension.
  • If the frequency of these contractions increases to the point where maximum tension is generated and no relaxation is observed then the contraction is termed a tetanus.

• Reactions of Coordination Compounds

  • Typically they either have low-charge (Na+), electrons in d orbitals that are antibonding with respect to the ligands (Zn2+), or lack covalency (Ln3+, where Ln is any lanthanide).

• Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism

  • The size of the magnetic moment on a lanthanide atom can be quite large, as it can carry up to seven unpaired electrons, in the case of gadolinium(III) (hence its use in MRI).

• The Periodic Table of Elements

  • Although groups generally have more significant periodic trends, there are regions where horizontal trends are more significant than vertical group trends, such as in the f-block, where the lanthanides and actinides form two substantial horizontal series of elements.

• Contract Manufacturing

  • In contract manufacturing, a hiring firm makes an agreement with the contract manufacturer to produce and ship the hiring firm's goods.
  • A contract manufacturer ("CM") is a manufacturer that enters into a contract with a firm to produce components or products for that firm .
  • In a contract manufacturing business model, the hiring firm approaches the contract manufacturer with a design or formula.
  • Mutual Benefit to Contract Site: A contract between the manufacturer and the company it is producing for may last several years.
  • Compare the benefits and risks of employing a contract manufacturer (CM)