hydrolysis

Examples of hydrolysis in the following topics:

• Hydrolysis

  • Hydrolysis reactions result in the breakdown of polymers into monomers by using a water molecule and an enzymatic catalyst.
  • This is what happens when monosaccharides are released from complex carbohydrates via hydrolysis.
  • This is what happens when amino acids are released from protein chains via hydrolysis.
  • In hydrolysis reactions, a water molecule is consumed as a result of breaking the covalent bond holding together two components of a polymer.
  • Dehydration and hydrolysis reactions are chemical reactions that are catalyzed, or "sped up," by specific enzymes; dehydration reactions involve the formation of new bonds, requiring energy, while hydrolysis reactions break bonds and release energy.

• ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate

  • Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions to harness the energy within the bonds of ATP.
  • Like most chemical reactions, the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is reversible.
  • Since ATP hydrolysis releases energy, ATP synthesis must require an input of free energy.
  • The calculated ∆G for the hydrolysis of one mole of ATP into ADP and Pi is −7.3 kcal/mole (−30.5 kJ/mol).
  • Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with the endergonic reactions of cellular processes.

• Overview of the Acid-Base Properties of Salt

  • Some salts, such as ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3), contain cations and anions that can both undergo hydrolysis.
  • The following is a more complicated scenario in which a salt contains a cation and an anion, both of which are capable of participating in hydrolysis.
  • This video examines the hydrolysis of an acid salt, a basic salt, and a salt in which both ions hydrolyze.
  • Predict the pH of a solution of a salt containing cations and anions, both of which participate in hydrolysis.

• Preparation of Carboxylic Acids

  • Two other useful procedures for preparing carboxylic acids involve hydrolysis of nitriles and carboxylation of organometallic intermediates.
  • The hydrolysis may be either acid or base-catalyzed, but the latter give a carboxylate salt as the initial product.

• ATP in Metabolism

  • Hydrolysis is the process of breaking complex macromolecules apart.
  • During hydrolysis, water is split, or lysed, and the resulting hydrogen atom (H+) and a hydroxyl group (OH-) are added to the larger molecule.
  • The hydrolysis of ATP produces ADP, together with an inorganic phosphate ion (Pi), and the release of free energy.
  • Water, which was broken down into its hydrogen atom and hydroxyl group during ATP hydrolysis, is regenerated when a third phosphate is added to the ADP molecule, reforming ATP.
  • The energy from ATP can also be used to drive chemical reactions by coupling ATP hydrolysis with another reaction process in an enzyme.

• Chemical Assays, Radioisotopic Methods, and Microelectrodes

  • The process of hydrolysis is characterized by the ability to chemically split a molecule by the addition of water.
  • There are numerous tests utilized in bacterial identification which involve testing for hydrolysis of specific substances.
  • These tests include hydrolysis of starch, lipids, casein and gelatin.

• Mechanisms of Chemical Digestion

  • Chemical digestion is the process of breakdown of large macronutrients into smaller molecules by enzyme-mediated hydrolysis.
  • Proteins and polypeptides are digested by hydrolysis of the C-N bond .
  • Proteins and polypeptides are digested by hydrolysis of the C-N bond.

• Strong Acids

  • For instance, strong acids can accelerate the synthesis and hydrolysis of carbonyl compounds.
  • With carbonyl compounds such as esters, synthesis and hydrolysis go through a tetrahedral transition state, where the central carbon has an oxygen, an alcohol group, and the original alkyl group.
  • Strong acids protonate the carbonyl, which makes the oxygen positively charged so that it can easily receive the double-bond electrons when the alcohol attacks the carbonyl carbon; this enables ester synthesis and hydrolysis.

• Polysaccharides

  • This is easily demonstrated by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis to the monosaccharide.
  • Since partial hydrolysis of cellulose gives varying amounts of cellobiose, we conclude the glucose units in this macromolecule are joined by beta-glycoside bonds between C-1 and C-4 sites of adjacent sugars.
  • Also, many enzymes catalyze its hydrolysis.
  • Hydrolysis of starch, usually by enzymatic reactions, produces a syrupy liquid consisting largely of glucose.
  • Furthermore, slow hydrolysis of pyroxylin yields nitric acid, a process that contributes to the deterioration of early motion picture films in storage.

• Disaccharides

  • Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of these disaccharides yields glucose as the only product.
  • Enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis is selective for a specific glycoside bond, so an alpha-glycosidase cleaves maltose and trehalose to glucose, but does not cleave cellobiose or gentiobiose.
  • Maltose, sometimes called malt sugar, comes from the hydrolysis of starch.
  • Cellobiose is obtained by the hydrolysis of cellulose.