electrophoresis

Examples of electrophoresis in the following topics:

• Northern Blots

  • Northern blotting involves the use of electrophoresis to separate RNA samples by size and detection with a hybridization probe complementary to part of or the entire target sequence.
  • The term 'Northern blot' actually refers specifically to the capillary transfer of RNA from the electrophoresis gel to the blotting membrane.
  • RNA samples are then separated by gel electrophoresis.

• Basic Techniques to Manipulate Genetic Material (DNA and RNA)

  • Basic techniques used in genetic material manipulation include extraction, gel electrophoresis, PCR, and blotting methods.
  • Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate molecules on the basis of size using this charge and may be separated as whole chromosomes or fragments.
  • Gel electrophoresis separates the nucleic acid fragments according to their size.

• Immunoblot Procedures

  • Proteins are generally separated by size using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
  • In clinical diagnostic settings, immunoelectrophoresis is applied, which involves the electrophoresis of serum or urine followed by immunodiffusion.

• DNA Sequencing Based on Sanger Dideoxynucleotides

  • Following rounds of template DNA extension from the bound primer, the resulting DNA fragments are heat denatured and separated by size using gel electrophoresis.
  • DNA sequencers carry out capillary electrophoresis for size separation, detection and recording of dye fluorescence, and data output as fluorescent peak trace chromatograms.

• Genetic Analysis

  • Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is an adaptation of conventional agarose gel electrophoresis that allows extremely large DNA fragments to be resolved (up to megabase size fragments).

• Western Blots

  • The technique uses gel electrophoresis to separate native proteins by 3-D structure or denatured proteins by the length of the polypeptide.

• DNA Protection Analysis

  • The method uses an enzyme, deoxyribonuclease (DNase, for short) to cut the radioactively end-labeled DNA, followed by gel electrophoresis to detect the resulting cleavage pattern.

• Sickle-Cell Disease

  • Abnormal hemoglobin forms can also be detected on hemoglobin electrophoresis, a form of gel electrophoresis on which the various types of hemoglobin move at varying speeds.

• Basic Techniques in Protein Analysis

  • The western blot, or protein immunoblot, is a technique that combines protein electrophoresis and antibodies to detect proteins in a sample.
  • The protein sample is first separated by gel electrophoresis, then transferred to a nitrocellulose or other type of membrane, and finally stained with a primary antibody that specifically binds the protein of interest.

• Multiplex and Real-Time PCR

  • It is confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis for qualitative results.
  • The results from multiplex PCR can be analyzed using gel electrophoresis or using fluorophores for analysis using during the reaction.