catabolism

Examples of catabolism in the following topics:

• Catabolic-Anabolic Steady State

  • Catabolic reactions that break complex molecules provide the energy needed by anabolic reactions to produce complex molecules.
  • Anabolism is the opposite of catabolism.
  • Catabolism is a "downhill" process where energy is released as the organism uses up energy.
  • Anabolism and catabolism must be regulated to avoid the two processes occurring simultaneously.
  • Catabolic hormones include adrenaline, cortisol and glucagon.

• Metabolic Pathways

  • An anabolic pathway requires energy and builds molecules while a catabolic pathway produces energy and breaks down molecules.
  • The second process produces energy and is referred to as catabolic.
  • Some catabolic pathways can capture that energy to produce ATP, the molecule used to power all cellular processes.
  • Other energy-storing molecules, such as lipids, are also broken down through similar catabolic reactions to release energy and make ATP.
  • Catabolic pathways are those that generate energy by breaking down larger molecules.

• Connecting Lipids to Glucose Metabolism

  • Lipids can be both made and broken down through parts of the glucose catabolism pathways.
  • Like sugars and amino acids, the catabolic pathways of lipids are also connected to the glucose catabolism pathways.
  • Triglycerides can be both made and broken down through parts of the glucose catabolism pathways.
  • Fatty acids are catabolized in a process called beta-oxidation that takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria and converts their fatty acid chains into two carbon units of acetyl groups, while producing NADH and FADH2.

• Types of Catabolism

  • Catabolism is the set of metabolic processes that break down large molecules.
  • Catabolism is the set of metabolic processes that break down large molecules.
  • Carbohydrate catabolism is the breakdown of carbohydrates into smaller units.
  • A simplified outline of the catabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats
  • Summarize various types of catabolism included in metabolism (catabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats)

• Connecting Other Sugars to Glucose Metabolism

  • Sugars, such as galactose, fructose, and glycogen, are catabolized into new products in order to enter the glycolytic pathway.
  • You have learned about the catabolism of glucose, which provides energy to living cells.
  • Like sugars and amino acids, the catabolic pathways of lipids are also connected to the glucose catabolism pathways.
  • The catabolism of both fructose and galactose produces the same number of ATP molecules as glucose.
  • The catabolism of sucrose breaks it down to monomers of glucose and fructose.

• Connecting Proteins to Glucose Metabolism

  • Excess amino acids are converted into molecules that can enter the pathways of glucose catabolism.
  • They can be broken down into their constituent amino acids and used at various steps of the pathway of glucose catabolism.
  • However, if there are excess amino acids, or if the body is in a state of starvation, some amino acids will be shunted into the pathways of glucose catabolism.
  • For example, deaminated asparagine and aspartate are converted into oxaloacetate and enter glucose catabolism in the citric acid cycle.
  • Several amino acids can enter glucose catabolism at multiple locations.

• Benzoate Catabolism

  • Benzoate catabolism is a series of chemical reactions resulting in the breakdown of benzoate.
  • Strains of Rhodococcus are applicably important owing to their ability to catabolize a wide range of compounds and produce bioactive steroids, acrylamide, and acrylic acid, and their involvement in fossil fuel biodesulfurization.
  • This genetic and catabolic diversity is not only due to the large bacterial chromosome, but also to the presence of three large linear plasmids.

• ATP Yield

  • The amount of energy (as ATP) gained from glucose catabolism varies across species and depends on other related cellular processes.
  • The number of ATP molecules generated via the catabolism of glucose can vary substantially.
  • Glucose catabolism connects with the pathways that build or break down all other biochemical compounds in cells, but the result is not always ideal.
  • Overall, in living systems, these pathways of glucose catabolism extract about 34 percent of the energy contained in glucose.

• Control of Catabolic Pathways

  • Catabolic pathways are controlled by enzymes, proteins, electron carriers, and pumps that ensure that the remaining reactions can proceed.
  • The pyruvate produced can proceed to be catabolized or converted into the amino acid alanine.

• The Entner–Doudoroff Pathway

  • The Entner–Doudoroff pathway is an alternate series of reactions that catabolize glucose to pyruvate.
  • The Entner–Doudoroff pathway describes an alternate series of reactions that catabolize glucose to pyruvate using a set of enzymes different from those used in either glycolysis or the pentose phosphate pathway .