hydrogen economy

(noun)

A hypothetical future economy in which the primary form of stored energy for mobile applications and load balancing is hydrogen (H2). In particular, H2 replaces fossil fuels used to power automobiles.

Related Terms

  • hydrocarbon economy

Examples of hydrogen economy in the following topics:

  • The Hydrogen Economy

    • The hydrogen economy refers to using hydrogen as the next important source of fuel.
    • The hydrogen economy refers to a hypothetical future system of delivering energy through the use of hydrogen (H2).
    • One major obstacle in the hydrogen economy is its transport and storage.
    • Although the hydrogen economy is supposed to create a smaller carbon footprint, there are many concerns regarding the environmental effects of hydrogen manufacturing.
    • The hydrogen economy could possibly revolutionize the current energy infrastructure by transferring fuel demands from fossil fuels onto hydrogen.
  • Hydrogen Bonding

    • A hydrogen bond is a strong intermolecular force created by the relative positivity of hydrogen atoms.
    • A hydrogen atom attached to a relatively electronegative atom is a hydrogen bond donor.
    • This hydrogen atom is a hydrogen bond donor.
    • Greater electronegativity of the hydrogen bond acceptor will create a stronger hydrogen bond.
    • Where do hydrogen bonds form?
  • Hydrogenation

    • Hydrogenation reactions, which involve the addition of hydrogen to substrates, have many important applications.
    • Hydrogenation refers to the treatment of substances with molecular hydrogen (H2), adding pairs of hydrogen atoms to compounds (generally unsaturated compounds).
    • Most hydrogenation reactions use gaseous hydrogen as the hydrogen source, but alternative sources have been developed.
    • The reverse of hydrogenation, where hydrogen is removed from the compounds, is known as dehydrogenation.
    • Hydrogen gas is the most common source of hydrogen used and is commercially available.
  • Properties of Hydrogen

    • Hydrogen is the smallest element, with one proton and one electron.
    • Hydrogen exists in two different spin isomers of hydrogen diatomic molecules that differ by the relative spin of their nuclei.
    • Hydrogen is available in different forms, such as compressed gaseous hydrogen, liquid hydrogen, and slush hydrogen (composed of liquid and solid), as well as solid and metallic forms.
    • Because hydrogen is buoyant in air, hydrogen flames ascend rapidly and cause less damage than hydrocarbon fires.
    • Oxidation of hydrogen removes its electron and yields the H+ ion.
  • Hydrogen Bonding

    • Hydrogen forms polar covalent bonds to more electronegative atoms such as oxygen, and because a hydrogen atom is quite small, the positive end of the bond dipole (the hydrogen) can approach neighboring nucleophilic or basic sites more closely than can other polar bonds.
    • In the following diagram the hydrogen bonds are depicted as magenta dashed lines.
    • The molecule providing a polar hydrogen for a hydrogen bond is called a donor.
    • Also, O–H---O hydrogen bonds are clearly stronger than N–H---N hydrogen bonds, as we see by comparing propanol with the amines.
    • Comparison of Boiling Points of Methane, Ammonia, Water, and Hydrogen Fluoride
  • Substitution of the Hydroxyl Hydrogen

    • As with the alcohols, the phenolic hydroxyl hydrogen is rather easily replaced by other substituents.
  • Hydrogenation

    • Addition of hydrogen to a carbon-carbon double bond is called hydrogenation.
    • The simplest source of two hydrogen atoms is molecular hydrogen (H2), but mixing alkenes with hydrogen does not result in any discernible reaction.
    • Catalytic hydrogenation takes place in at least two stages, as depicted in the diagram.
    • First, the alkene must be absorbed on the surface of the catalyst along with some of the hydrogen.
    • This is often true, but the hydrogenation catalysts may also cause isomerization of the double bond prior to hydrogen addition, in which case stereoselectivity may be uncertain.
  • Isotopes of Hydrogen

    • Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes: protium, deuterium and tritium.
    • Hydrogen is generally found as diatomic hydrogen gas H2, or it combines with other atoms in compounds—monoatomic hydrogen is rare.
    • 2H, or deuterium (D), is the other stable isotope of hydrogen.
    • It is a highly unstable isotope of hydrogen.
    • 5H is another highly unstable heavy isotope of hydrogen.
  • Emission Spectrum of the Hydrogen Atom

    • The emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen is divided into a number of spectral series.
    • Further series for hydrogen as well as other elements were discovered as spectroscopy techniques developed.
    • Typically, one can only observe these series from pure hydrogen samples in a lab.
    • Explain how the lines in the emission spectrum of hydrogen are related to electron energy levels.
    • The series limit where n2 is infinite and n1=1 corresponds to the ionization energy of hydrogen.
  • Binary Hydrides

    • Hydrides are compounds in which one or more hydrogen anions have nucleophilic, reducing, or basic properties.
    • A hydride is the anion of hydrogen (H−), and it can form compounds in which one or more hydrogen centers have nucleophilic, reducing, or basic properties.
    • In such hydrides, hydrogen is bonded to a more electropositive element or group.
    • Instead, many compounds have a hydrogen center with a hydridic character.
    • Such bulk transition metals form interstitial binary hydrides when exposed to hydrogen.
Subjects
  • Accounting
  • Algebra
  • Art History
  • Biology
  • Business
  • Calculus
  • Chemistry
  • Communications
  • Economics
  • Finance
  • Management
  • Marketing
  • Microbiology
  • Physics
  • Physiology
  • Political Science
  • Psychology
  • Sociology
  • Statistics
  • U.S. History
  • World History
  • Writing

Except where noted, content and user contributions on this site are licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 with attribution required.