Biology
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Boundless Biology
The Chemical Foundation of Life
Biology Textbooks Boundless Biology The Chemical Foundation of Life
Biology Textbooks Boundless Biology
Biology Textbooks
Biology

Section 1

Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules

Book Version 32
By Boundless
Boundless Biology
Biology
by Boundless
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10 concepts
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Overview of Atomic Structure

Atoms are made up of particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons, which are responsible for the mass and charge of atoms.

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Atomic Number and Mass Number

The atomic number is the number of protons in an element, while the mass number is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons.

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Isotopes

Isotopes are various forms of an element that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons.

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The Periodic Table

Everything in the universe is made of one or more elements. The periodic table is a means of organizing the various elements according to similar physical and chemical properties.

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Electron Shells and the Bohr Model

Niels Bohr proposed an early model of the atom as a central nucleus containing protons and neutrons being orbited by electrons in shells.

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Electron Orbitals

Electron orbitals are three-dimensional representations of the space in which an electron is likely to be found.

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Chemical Reactions and Molecules

Chemical reactions occur when two or more atoms bond together to form molecules or when bonded atoms are broken apart.

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Ions and Ionic Bonds

Ionic bonds are attractions between oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms where electrons are donated and accepted.

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Covalent Bonds and Other Bonds and Interactions

Covalent bonds result from a sharing of electrons between two atoms and hold most biomolecules together.

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Hydrogen Bonding and Van der Waals Forces

Hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions are two types of weak bonds that are necessary to the basic building blocks of life.

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