Community Ecology

Communities are shaped by foundation species and keystone species, while invasive species disrupt the natural balance of an area.

Predation and herbivory are two methods animals use to obtain energy; many species have developed defenses against them.

Commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism are three symbiotic ways organisms interact with each other with differing degrees of benefit.

When disturbances occur, succession allows for communities to become re-established over periods of time.