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Chapter 32

Plant Reproduction

Book Version 32
By Boundless
Boundless Biology
Biology
by Boundless
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Section 1
Plant Reproductive Development and Structure
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Plant Reproductive Development and Structure

Plants have developed various strategies, both sexual and asexual, to ensure reproductive success.

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Sexual Reproduction in Gymnosperms

Gymnosperms produce both male and female gametophytes on separate cones and rely on wind for pollination.

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Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms

Angiosperms may be monoecious or dioecious and undergo sexual reproduction.

Section 2
Pollination and Fertilization
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Pollination and Fertilization

Plants can transfer pollen through self-pollination; however, the preferred method is cross-pollination, which maintains genetic diversity.

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Pollination by Insects

Plants have developed adaptations to promote symbiotic relationships with insects that ensure their pollination.

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Pollination by Bats, Birds, Wind, and Water

Non-insect methods of pollination include pollination by bats, birds, wind, and water.

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Double Fertilization in Plants

Angiosperms undergo two fertilization events where a zygote and endosperm are both formed.

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Development of the Seed

Monocot and dicot seeds develop in differing ways, but both contain seeds with a seed coat, cotyledons, endosperm, and a single embryo.

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Development of Fruit and Fruit Types

Fruits are categorized based on the part of the flower they developed from and how they release their seeds.

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Fruit and Seed Dispersal

Some fruits can disperse seeds on their own, while others require assistance from wind, water, or animals.

Section 3
Asexual Reproduction
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Asexual Reproduction in Plants

Plants can reproduce asexually, without the fertilization of gametes, by either vegetative reproduction or apomixis.

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Natural and Artificial Methods of Asexual Reproduction in Plants

Plants can undergo natural methods of asexual reproduction, performed by the plant itself, or artificial methods, aided by humans.

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Plant Life Spans

The life cycles and life spans of plants vary and are affected by environmental and genetic factors.

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Plant Reproduction
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The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function
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