translocation

Examples of translocation in the following topics:

• Transportation of Photosynthates in the Phloem

  • These sugars are transported through the plant via the phloem in a process called translocation.
  • The products from the source are usually translocated to the nearest sink through the phloem.
  • From there, they are translocated through the phloem where they are used or stored.
  • Phloem STEs have reduced cytoplasmic contents and are connected by sieve plates with pores that allow for pressure-driven bulk flow, or translocation, of phloem sap.
  • Once in the phloem, the photosynthates are translocated to the closest sink.

• Chromosomal Structural Rearrangements

  • Structural rearrangements of chromosomes include both inversions and translocations, which may have detrimental effects on an organism.
  • Cytologists have characterized numerous structural rearrangements in chromosomes, but chromosome inversions and translocations are the most common.
  • A translocation occurs when a segment of a chromosome dissociates and reattaches to a different, nonhomologous chromosome.
  • Notably, specific translocations have been associated with several cancers and with schizophrenia.
  • A reciprocal translocation occurs when a segment of DNA is transferred from one chromosome to another, nonhomologous chromosome.

• Prokaryotic Reproduction

  • Archaea are not affected by bacteriophages, but instead have their own viruses that translocate genetic material from one individual to another.

• Identification of Chromosomes and Karyotypes

  • Finally, the karyotype can pinpoint translocations, which occur when a segment of genetic material breaks from one chromosome and reattaches to another chromosome or to a different part of the same chromosome.
  • Translocations are implicated in certain cancers, including chronic myelogenous leukemia.

• The Mechanism of Protein Synthesis

  • The ribosome translocates once codon on the mRNA.
  • The elongation factor eEF2 assists in the translocation, powering the process through the hydrolysis of GTP.
  • During translocation, the two tRNAs remain basepaired to their mRNA codons, so the ribosome moves over them, putting the empty tRNA in the E site (where it will be expelled from the ribosome) and the tRNA with the growing polypeptide chain in the P site.

• How Hormones Work

  • These include translocation of Glut-4 transporter to the plasma membrane and influx of glucose (3), glycogen synthesis (4), glycolysis (5), and triglyceride (6).

• Intracellular Hormone Receptors

  • Upon hormone binding, the receptor dissociates from the heat shock protein and translocates to the nucleus.

• Vascular Tissue: Xylem and Phloem

  • Phloem tissue is responsible for translocation, which is the transport of soluble organic substances, for example, sugar.

• DNA Repair

  • Sometimes a piece of DNA from one chromosome may get translocated to another chromosome or to another region of the same chromosome.

• Gene rearrangement within genomes

  • This can cause chromosomal translocations, sometimes leading to cancer.