single audit

Examples of single audit in the following topics:

• Government Assistance Programs

  • The most common monitoring procedure used is the single audit, which is an annual examination of a recipient's operations and records in order to determine whether or not the recipient complied with laws and regulations applicable to the assistance received.

• Unmarried Mothers

  • With the rise of single-parent households, unmarried mothers have become more common in the United States.
  • One recent trend illustrating the changing nature of families is the rise in prevalence of the single-parent household.
  • Since the 1960s, there has been a marked increase in the number of children living with a single parent.
  • Although the public is sympathetic with low-wage single mothers, government benefits are fairly low.
  • Discuss the factors involved in the increasing number of single-parent households

• Simplex or multiplex relations in the graph

  • The friendship graph (figure 3.2) showed a single relation (that happened to be binary and directed).
  • The spouse graph (figure 3.3) showed a single relation (that happened to be binary and un-directed).
  • ).We also combined the information about multiple ties into a single line.

• Family Structures

  • A single parent is a parent who cares for one or more children without the assistance of the other biological parent.
  • Historically, single-parent families often resulted from death of a spouse, for instance during childbirth.
  • Single-parent homes are increasing as married couples divorce, or as unmarried couples have children.
  • The percentage of single-parent households has doubled in the last three decades, but that percentage tripled between 1900 and 1950.
  • Increasingly single parent families are a result of out of wedlock births, especially those due to unintended pregnancy.

• Change in Household Size

  • Household models include the single family and blended family home, shared housing, and group homes for people with special needs.
  • Household models in Anglophone culture include the single family and varieties of blended families, shared housing, and group homes for people with support needs.
  • Other models of living situations that may meet definitions of a household include boarding houses, a house in multiple occupations in Great Britain, and a single room occupancy in the United States.
  • A single room occupancy is a single room dwelling or multiple-tenant building that houses one or two people in individual rooms.

• Introduction: Multiple relations among actors

  • Most of tools of social network analysis deal with structures defined by patterns in a single kind of relationship among actors: friendship, kinship, economic exchange, warfare, etc.
  • The "reduction" approach seeks to combine information about multiple relations among the same set of actors into a single relation that indexes the quantity of ties.
  • The "combination" approach also seeks to create a single index of the multi-plex relations, but attempts to represent the quality of ties.
  • Summarizing the information about multiple kinds of ties among actors as a single qualitative typology is discussed in the section on "role algebra."

• Trade Blocs and Common Markets

  • A single market is a type of trade bloc that is composed of a free trade area for goods, with common policies on product regulation, as well as freedom of movement on capital, labor, enterprise, and services.
  • According to the principles of capitalism, a single market has many benefits.
  • A common market is a first stage towards a single market, and may be limited initially to a free trade area with relatively free movement of capital and of services, but not so advanced in reduction of the rest of the trade barriers.

• Monarchies and Liberal Democracies

  • Monarchies, in which sovereignty embodied in a single individual, eventually gave way to liberal democracies.
  • A monarchy is a form of government in which sovereignty is actually or nominally embodied in a single individual, the monarch.

• Sociology Today

  • Contemporary sociology does not have a single overarching foundation—it has varying methods, both qualitative and quantitative.
  • Presently, sociological theories lack a single overarching foundation, and there is little consensus about what such a framework should consist of.

• Summary

  • Multi-plex data are usually stored in a data structure of node-by-node matrices that are "stacked" as "slices" in a single file.
  • A compact way of storing information about multiple kinds of relations among actors in a single matrix, the multi-valued matrix, uses a number to reflect the qualitative type of relation that exists between two actors (e.g. none, money only, information only, information and money; or mutually exclusive "multiple choice" types like: kin, neighbor, co-worker).
  • Usually the information about multiple kinds of relations among actors is indexed by reducing the multiple ties into a single quantitative value that represents a summary across the separate relations (e.g. average tie strength, maximum, minimum).
  • Many social network studies avoid the complexity of multi-plex data by focusing on a single relation, or by dealing with multiple relations separately.