carcinoma

Examples of carcinoma in the following topics:

• Skin Cancer

  • The three main types of skin cancer are basal cell carcinoma (the most common of all cancers), squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
  • Basal cell carcinoma usually presents as a raised, smooth, pearly bump on the sun-exposed skin of the head, neck, or shoulders.
  • Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is commonly a red, scaling, thickened patch on sun-exposed skin.
  • The mortality rate of basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma is around 0.3%, causing two thousand deaths per year in the U.S.

• Metastasis Through Lymphatic Vessels

  • This is the most common route of metastasis for carcinomas.
  • This is the most common route of metastasis for carcinomas.
  • Haematogenous spread: This is typical route of metastasis for sarcomas, but it is also the favored route for certain types of carcinoma, (e.g., renal cell carcinoma).
  • Micrograph showing a lymph node invaded by ductal breast carcinoma and with extranodal extension of tumour.
  • Surrounding the lymphocytes and extending into the surrounding fat (top of image) is ductal breast carcinoma.

• Lung Cancer

  • Most cancers that start in lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas that derive from epithelial cells.
  • The main types of lung cancer are small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), also called oat cell cancer, and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).
  • There are three main sub-types: squamous cell lung carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell lung carcinoma.
  • Accounting for 25% of lung cancers, squamous cell lung carcinoma usually starts near a central bronchus.
  • Damage to chromosomes 3p, 5q, 13q, and 17p are particularly common in small-cell lung carcinoma.

• Cervical Cancer

  • Most cervical cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, arising in the squamous (flattened) epithelial cells that line the cervix.
  • This large squamous carcinoma (bottom of picture) has obliterated the cervix and invaded the lower uterine segment.

• Sun Damage, Sunscreen, and Sunblock

  • The use of sunscreen is known to prevent the direct DNA damage that causes sunburn and the two most common forms of skin cancer, basal-cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

• Urinary Bladder Cancer

  • The most common type of bladder cancer recapitulates the normal histology of the urothelium, and is known as transitional cell carcinoma.

• Laryngitis and Cancer of the Larynx

  • Laryngeal cancer may also be called cancer of the larynx or laryngeal carcinoma.
  • Most laryngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, reflecting their origin from the squamous cells which form the majority of the laryngeal epithelium.

• Peritonitis

  • Examples include perforation of the distal esophagus, of the stomach by a peptic ulcer or gastric carcinoma, of the duodenum, of the remaining intestine by appendicitis, diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), intestinal infarction, intestinal strangulation, colorectal carcinoma, or of the gallbladder.

• Breast Cancer

  • These are known respectively as ductal carcinomas, and as lobular carcinomas.

• Colorectal Cancer

  • This dissected colon, showing the interior surface, exhibits one invasive colorectal carcinoma (the crater-like, reddish, irregularly shaped tumor).
  • The interior surface of the colon shows an invasive colorectal carcinoma and two adenomatous polyps.