Examples of substitutions per site per year in the following topics:
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- Specifically a region which contains antigen-presenting sites and carbohydrate-receptor binding regions, which is probably the region of the virus that binds to target cells.
- The estimated mutation rate (1.21 x 10-2 to 1.41 x 10-2 substitutions per site per year) in this virus is high, even compared with other RNA viruses.
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- The benefits to having a blood substitute are substantial.
- Blood substitutes are useful for many reasons.
- While it is true that receiving a unit of transfused blood in the U.S. does not carry many risks, with only 10 to 20 deaths per million units, blood substitutes could eventually improve on this.
- Most hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers in trials today carry a shelf life of between one and three years, compared to 42 days for donated blood, which needs to be kept refrigerated.
- There are also risks associated with blood substitutes.
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- We obtain Equation 14 by substituting Equation 13 into Equation 12.
- Your rate of return equals 10%, and you expect the corporation to pay $2 dividend that grows 5% per year.Thus, we compute a market value of the stock of $40 per share in Equation 19.
- Using the same numbers, what would happen if dividends grow at a slower rate, such as 2% per year?
- Using Equation 18, we can solve for different variables, depending what we know.For example, the stock price equals $100 per share while dividends are $3 per share that grows 5% per year.Compute the rate of return on this investment.We calculate a rate of return of 8% per year in Equation 23.
- A new startup internet company does not pay dividends for the first three years.In year 4, the company begins paying a dividend of $10 per share that grows 5% per year.If the rate of return is 8%, then calculate the market value of the stock.
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- For example, a growth rate of 2.5% per annum leads to a doubling of the GDP within 29 years.
- In contrast, a growth rate of 8% per annum leads to a doubling of the GDP within 10 years.
- It has been found that happiness increases with a higher GDP per capita, up to a level of at least $15,000 per person.
- Resource depletion: economic growth has the potential to deplete resources if science and technology do not produce viable substitutes or new resources.
- For example, in a country with low inequality, a country with a growth rate of 2% per head and 40% of the population living in poverty can halve the poverty in 10 years.
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- Since 80 per cent of Indians are Hindu, McDonald's will use a nonbeef meat substitute for its traditional hamburger.
- The likely beef substitute will be lamb, a very popular meat in India.
- In anticipation of its restaurant openings, McDonald's conducted extensive market research, site selection studies, and developed a relationship with India's largest chicken supplier.
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- This is a bit like translating a substitution code, using a formula that helps you understand what one measure means in terms of another system.
- For example, 10 miles per hour can be converted to meters per second by using a sequence of conversion factors.
- So, when the units mile and hour are cancelled out and the arithmetic is done, 10 miles per hour converts to 4.47 meters per second.
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- A sample of 14C, whose half-life is 5730 years, has a decay rate of 14 disintegrations per minute (dpm) per gram of natural carbon.
- An artefact is found to have radioactivity of 4 dpm per gram of its present C.
- We have: $N = N_o e^{-t/\tau} \text{ where } N/N_o=4/14≈0.286 $, $\tau = t_{1/2}/ln2 \approx 8267 \text{ years, } t=−\tau lnN/N_o≈10360 \text{ years.}$
- The half-life is related to the decay constant by substituting the condition N=No/2 and solving for t=t1/2:
- Mathematically, the nth life for the above situation would be found by the same process shown above -- by setting N=N0/n and substituting into the decay solution, to obtain:
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- For example, the petroleum price equals $90 per barrel in the United States and 850 pesos per barrel in Mexico.
- Actual exchange rate means a $90 per barrel of petroleum costs $85 per barrel in Mexico.
- However, the spot exchange rate equals 3.17 ringgits per U.S. dollar.
- Then we substitute the relative price levels into the equation, shown in Equation 6.
- If we defined the domestic currency as the peso, then the Mexican peso depreciates approximately 22% per year while the U.S. dollar appreciates roughly 22% per year.
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- We denote the supply of money by MS and substitute it into the equation.
- Consequently, each U.S. dollar is circulated in the economy 15 times during the year.
- We can substitute the Quantity Theory of Money into the Purchasing Power Parity Equation, yielding Equation 13.
- Thus, the exchange rate equals U.S. dollars per euro.
- For example, the real GDP is growing in Eurozone by 4% per year while the United States is experiencing a 3% real GDP growth.
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- For example, Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia, installed a closed system to reduce domestic water use and saw its water bills fall by $35,000 in one year.
- If highgrade tap water is not needed for production purposes (and in many processes it's not), consider substituting it with collected rainwater or water gathered from other sources.
- Combined with a system that recycles sealed water in a vacuum pump, the net savings amounted to $33,330 per year in fresh water costs.
- Two textile-dyeing companies in Korea (Colorland and WS Dyetech Ltd.) substituted water-intensive alkaline fabric scouring with more efficient enzymatic scouring and saved 8–10 tons of water per ton of fabric production (while eliminating the need for caustic soda).