memory cell

(noun)

one of a number of types of white blood cells

Related Terms

  • paratope

Examples of memory cell in the following topics:

  • Immunological Memory

    • As B cells and T cells mature into effector cells, a subset of the naïve populations differentiates into B and T memory cells with the same antigen specificities .
    • In contrast, the memory cells persist in circulation.
    • However, if the host is re-exposed to the same pathogen type, circulating memory cells will immediately differentiate into plasma cells and TC cells without input from APCs or TH cells.
    • As a result, memory B cells and plasma cells are made.
    • Describe the role of memory B and T cells in immulogical memory
  • Making Memory B Cells

    • Memory B cells are a B cell sub-type that are formed following primary infection.
    • Memory B cells are a B cell sub-type that are formed following a primary infection .
    • The rest persist as the memory cells that can survive for years, or even a lifetime.
    • The fact that all the cells of a single clone elaborate one (and only one) paratope, and that the memory cells survive for long periods, is what imparts a memory to the immune response.
    • They form memory cells that remember the same pathogen for faster antibody production in future infections.
  • Immunological Memory

    • Immunological memory refers to the ability of B and T cells to produce cells that become long-lived memory cells against specific pathogens.
    • Since the fetus isn't making any memory cells or antibodies, it is called passive immunity.
    • During the secondary immune response, memory T cells rapidly proliferate into active helper and cytotoxic T cells specific to that antigen, while memory B cells rapidly produce antibodies to neutralize the pathogen.
    • The key components to long-term active memory are that they consist of rapid response and are form permanent immunological memory so long as those memory cells survive.
    • When B and T cells begin to replicate, some of the offspring that they produce will end up becoming long-lived memory cells.
  • Specific T-Cell Roles

    • T helper cells assist the maturation of B cells and memory B cells while activating cytotoxic T cells and macrophages.
    • Differentiation for most categories of T cells occurs during the the T cell maturation, but memory cell and helper T subset differentiation occurs after maturation following antigen presentation.
    • Memory T cells are a subset of antigen-specific T cells that persist for a long-term after an infection has resolved.
    • Memory T cells comprise two subtypes: central memory T cells (TCM cells) and effector memory T cells (TEM cells), which have different properties and release different cytokines.
    • Effector memory cells may be either CD4+ or CD8+, and will produce either helper or cytotoxic T cells in a secondary immune response.
  • Overview of Adaptive Immunity

    • Memory B and T cells are formed after the infection ends.
    • When B cells and T cells are activated, some will become memory cells.
    • Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells form a database of effective B and T lymphocytes.
    • Upon interaction with a previously encountered antigen, the appropriate memory cells are selected and activated.
    • Immunological memory can either be in the form of passive short-term memory or active long-term memory.
  • Maturation of B Cells

    • After activation, the cell proliferates and B memory cells would form to recognize the same antigen.
    • Once a B cell encounters its cognate antigen and receives an additional signal from a T helper cell, it can further differentiate into either plasma B cells or memory B cells.
    • A small minority survives as memory cells that can recognize only the same epitope.
    • With each cycle, the number of surviving memory cells increases.
    • They form memory cells that remember the same pathogen for faster antibody production in future infections.
  • Classes of T Cells

    • T cells play a central role in cell-mediated immune response through the use of the surface T cell receptor to recognize peptide antigens.
    • This activation results in the expansion of the antigen-specific lymphocyte pool and the differentiation of these cells into effector and memory cells.
    • Effector cells include helper T cells, and cytolytic or cytotoxic T cells.
    • Memory T cells are an expanded population of T cells specific for antigens that can respond rapidly to subsequent encounter with that antigen and differentiate into effector cell to eliminate the antigen.
    • Distinguish between: naive, effector (helper and cytotoxic), memory and regulatory T cells
  • Types of Adaptive Immunity

    • The adaptive immune response is mediated by B and T cells and creates immunity memory.
    • Cell mediated immunity is controlled by type 1 helper T-cells (Th1) and cytotoxic T-cells.
    • These cells are activated by antigen presenting cells, which causes the cells to rapidly mature into forms that are specific to that antigen.
    • Helper-T cells facilitate the immune response by guiding cytotoxic T-cells to pathogens or pathogen-infected cells, while the cytotoxic T-cells will kill the pathogens or pathogen-infected cells.
    • This process is the reason why memory B cells can cause hypersensitivity (allergy) formation, as circulating IgE from those memory cells will activate a rapid inflammatory and immune response.
  • Neural Correlates of Memory Storage

    • It is theorized that memories are stored in neural networks in various parts of the brain associated with different types of memory, including short-term memory, sensory memory, and long-term memory.
    • Memory traces, or engrams, are the physical neural changes associated with memory storage.
    • These areas are also associated with long-term memory, suggesting a strong relationship between working memory and long-term memory.
    • Sensory memory is the briefest form of memory, with no storage capability.
    • Instead, it is a temporary "holding cell" for sensory information, capable of holding information for seconds at most before either passing it to short-term memory or letting it disappear.
  • Network Models of Memory

    • According to network models of memory, the connections between neurons are the source of memories, and the strength of connections corresponds to how well a memory is stored.
    • Network models of memory storage emphasize the role of connections between stored memories in the brain.
    • The stronger the connection, the easier a memory is to retrieve.
    • Connectionism was introduced in the 1940s by Donald Hebb, who said the famous phrase, "Cells that fire together wire together."
    • There are several types of network models in memory research.
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