Examples of Ecological Systems Theory in the following topics:
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- One of the most widely applied theories of childhood is Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
- In 1979, psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner published The Ecology of Human Development, setting forth his theory known as ecological systems theory.
- Also called development in context theory or human ecology theory, the ecology systems theory specifies five different types of nested environmental systems: the microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, the macrosystem, and the chronosystem.
- Each of these systems exerts influence on an individual, particularly children as they are robustly socialized.
- Contrast the various theories of childhood development, such as Freud's psychosexual theory, Piaget's stages of development and ecological systems theory
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- Subcultural theories popularized the idea that segments of society, such as gangs and homeless populations, had internal systems of value and order.
- Urban ecology refers to an idea that emerged out of the Chicago School that likens urban organization to biological organisms.
- Urban ecology has remained an influential theory in both urban sociology and urban anthropology over time.
- The theory is essentially an extended metaphor that helps to explain how conflicting subgroups exist in shared urban spaces and systems.
- Relating this to functionalist theory, one can look at immigration and emigration trends.
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- Sociocultural evolution is an umbrella term for theories of cultural evolution and social evolution, describing how cultures and societies have changed over time.
- Gerhard Lenski is an American sociologist known for contributions to the sociology of religion, social inequality, and ecological-evolutionary social theory.
- Advances in the technology of communication translate into advances in a society's economic system and political system, distribution of goods, social inequality and other spheres of social life.
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- A major criticism of the original conceptual change theory is that it presents an overly rational approach to student learning--an approach that emphasizes and assumes logical and rational thinking (Pintrich, Marx, & Boyle, 1993).
- In particular, the notion of conceptual ecology was criticized because it focuses solely on the learner's cognition and not on the learner as a whole.
- Furthermore, it does not consider other participants (i.e., the teacher and other students) in the learning environment and how these participants influence the learner's conceptual ecology, thus influencing conceptual change.
- Strike and Posner (1992) also recognized similar deficiencies in their original conceptual change theory and suggested that affective and social issues affect conceptual change.
- Social constructivist and cognitive apprenticeship perspectives have also influenced conceptual change theory (Hewson, Beeth, & Thorley, 1998).
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- Evolving out of the mid-20th century "Chicago School" of urban sociology, Park created the term human ecology, which borrowed the concepts of symbiosis, invasion, succession, and dominance from the science of natural ecology.
- Competition was created by groups fighting for urban resources, like land, which led to a division of urban space into ecological niches.
- Within these niches people shared similar social characteristics because they were subject to the same ecological pressure.
- This theory served as a foundation for his influential theory of racial assimilation known as the "race relation cycle".
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- For instance, evolutionary biology researches the human body (such as the heart, lungs, or immune system) and how it adapts over time.
- Evolutionary psychology stems from Charles Darwin's theories of evolution, adaptation, and natural selection.
- The field also draws on cognitive psychology, behavioral ecology, artificial intelligence, genetics, anthropology, archaeology, biology, and zoology.
- Consistent with the theory of natural selection, evolutionary psychology sees organisms as often in conflict with others of their species, including mates and relatives.
- Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection has been highly influential in the field of evolutionary psychology.
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- Economists study how economic and natural systems interact in order to develop an efficient economy.
- The focus is how to operate an economy within the ecological constraints of the earth's natural resources .
- It is not possible for social and economic systems to exist independently from the environment.
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- In probability theory, a stochastic process--sometimes called a random process-- is a collection of random variables that is often used to represent the evolution of some random value, or system, over time.
- It is the probabilistic counterpart to a deterministic process (or deterministic system).
- Random walks explain the observed behaviors of processes in such fields as ecology, economics, psychology, computer science, physics, chemistry, biology and, of course, statistics.
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- Modern theories of life history incorporate life and survivorship factors with ecological concepts associated with r- and K-selection theories.
- The r- and K-selection theory, although accepted for decades and used for much groundbreaking research, has now been reconsidered.
- Over the years, several studies attempted to confirm the theory, but these attempts have largely failed.
- Furthermore, the theory ignored the age-specific mortality of the populations which scientists now know is very important.
- New demographic-based models of life history evolution have been developed which incorporate many ecological concepts included in r- and K-selection theory, as well as population age structure and mortality factors.
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- Microorganisms serve essential roles in the complex nutrient exchange system that defines an ecological community.
- Despite the fact that clear boundaries between ecosystems may be difficult to identify, the myriad interactions that take place within an ecological community can often be observed and defined.
- These interactions may be best described by detailing feeding connections (what eats what) among biota in an ecosystem, thereby linking the ecosystem into a unified system of exchange.
- Microorganisms play a vital role in every ecological community by serving both as producers and as decomposers.