conditioned reflex

Examples of conditioned reflex in the following topics:

• Cephalic Phase

  • This enhanced secretory activity brought on by the thought or sight of food is a conditioned reflex.
  • When appetite is depressed this part of the cephalic reflex is inhibited.

• Behaviorism Advocates

  • Pavlov was studying the digestive process and the interaction of salivation and stomach function when he realized that reflexes in the autonomic nervous system closely linked these phenomena.
  • He discovered that when the bell was rung at repeated feedings, the sound of the bell alone (a conditioned stimulus) would cause the dogs to salivate (a conditioned response).
  • Pavlov also found that the conditioned reflex was repressed if the stimulus proved "wrong" too frequently; if the bell rang and no food appeared, the dog eventually ceased to salivate at the sound of the bell.
  • Expanding on Watson's basic stimulus-response model, Skinner developed a more comprehensive view of conditioning, known as operant conditioning.
  • This illustration illustrates operant conditioning.

• Reflexes and Diagnosis

  • A reflex action, also known as a reflex, is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus.
  • Scientific use of the term "reflex" refers to a behavior that is mediated via the reflex arc; this does not apply to casual uses of the term "reflex".
  • Generally, decreased reflexes indicate a peripheral problem, and lively or exaggerated reflexes a central one.
  • While the reflexes above are stimulated mechanically, the term H-reflex refers to the analogous reflex stimulated electrically, and Tonic vibration reflex for those stimulated to vibration.
  • While 2+ is considered normal, some healthy individuals are hypo-reflexive and register all reflexes at 1+, while others are hyper-reflexive and register all reflexes at 3+.

• Gastrointestinal Reflex Pathways

  • The digestive system functions via a system of long reflexes, short reflexes, and extrinsic reflexes from gastrointestinal (GI) peptides working together.
  • In addition, there are three overarching reflexes that control the movement, digestion, and defecation of food and food waste: the enterogastric reflex, the gastrocolic reflex, and the gastroileal reflex.
  • When this occurs, it is called a short reflex.
  • The gastrocolic reflex is the physiological reflex controlling the motility, or peristalsis, of the gastrointestinal tract.
  • The gastroileal reflex is a third type of gastrointestinal reflex.

• Components of a Reflex Arc

  • A reflex arc defines the pathway by which a reflex travels—from the stimulus to sensory neuron to motor neuron to reflex muscle movement.
  • The path taken by the nerve impulses in a reflex is called a reflex arc.
  • There are two types of reflex arcs:the  autonomic reflex arc, affecting inner organs, and the somatic reflex arc, affecting muscles.
  • For example, the withdrawal reflex (nociceptive or flexor withdrawal reflex) is a spinal reflex intended to protect the body from damaging stimuli.
  • The path taken by the nerve impulses in a reflex is called a reflex arc.

• Spinal Reflexes

  • Spinal reflexes include the stretch reflex, the Golgi tendon reflex, the crossed extensor reflex, and the withdrawal reflex.
  • Spinal reflexes include the stretch reflex, the Golgi tendon reflex, the crossed extensor reflex, and the withdrawal reflex.
  • This reflex has the shortest latency of all spinal reflexes.
  • Like the stretch reflex, the tendon reflex is ipsilateral.
  • The crossed extensor reflex is a withdrawal reflex.

• Reflexive

• Reflexive

• Defining Learning

  • Instincts and reflexes are innate behaviors—they occur naturally and do not involve learning.
  • There are three main types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
  • Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of associative learning, in which associations are made between events that occur together.
  • The conditioning is achieved when the sound of the bell on its own makes the dog salivate in anticipation for the meat.
  • Skinner researched operant conditioning by conducting experiments with rats in what he called a "Skinner box."

• Syncope

  • There are two broad categories of syncope, cardiogenic or reflex, which underlie most forms of syncope.
  • Variants of reflex syncope often have characteristic histories, including precipitants and time course which are made evident by skilled history taking.
  • Other types include postural syncope (caused by a change in body posture), cardiac syncope (due to heart-related conditions), and neurological syncope (due to neurological conditions).