Pan-Africanism

Examples of Pan-Africanism in the following topics:

• The Rise of Garveyism

  • Marcus Garvey, a political leader and orator, was a proponent of black nationalism and Pan-Africanism.
  • Marcus Garvey (1887-1940) was a Jamaican political leader, publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator who was a staunch proponent of the black nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements .
  • Prior to the 20th century, African-American leaders had advocated the involvement of the African diaspora in African affairs.
  • Garvey was unique in advancing a Pan-African philosophy.
  • Describe Marcus Garvey's advancement of a Pan-African philosophy and his support of a Back-to-Africa movement.

• Marcus Garvey

  • Marcus Garvey (1887–1940) was a Jamaican political leader, publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator who was a staunch proponent of the black nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements.
  • He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL), as well as the Black Star Line, part of the Back-to-Africa movement that promoted the return of the African diaspora to their ancestral lands.
  • Prior to the 20th century, African-American leaders advocated the involvement of the African diaspora in African affairs.
  • Garvey was unique in advancing a Pan-African philosophy, known as Garveyism, which focused on the complete and unending redemption of the continent of Africa by people of African ancestry, both at home and abroad.
  • His intent was for those of African ancestry to "redeem" Africa and for the European colonial powers to leave.

• The "New Negro"

  • The term was made popular by Alain LeRoy Locke and has been used in African-American discourses since 1895.
  • In addition to racially motivated violence, African-Americans were flooding into the North in huge numbers, increasing segregation in the North and the regeneration of the Ku Klux Klan.
  • Many disillusioned African-American veterans became more conscious racially, politically, and socially, and this helped to shape a new spirit of militancy that found expression.
  • Race pride had already been part of literary and political self-expression among African-Americans in the 19th century.
  • Yet all of them subscribed to some form of Pan-Africanism.

• Racial Tensions and Black Lives Matter

  • Black Lives Matter (BLM) is an activist movement originating in the African-American community that campaigns against violence and institutionalized racism toward black people in the United States.
  • The movement began in 2013 with the use of the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter on social media in response to the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the shooting death of African-American teen Trayvon Martin.
  • Trayvon Benjamin Martin was an African American from Miami Gardens, Florida, who, at 17 years old, was fatally shot by George Zimmerman, a neighborhood watch volunteer, in Sanford, Florida.
  • On April 12, 2015, Baltimore Police Department officers arrested Freddie Gray, a 25-year-old African American resident of Baltimore, Maryland, for possessing what the police alleged was an illegal switchblade.
  • BLM claims inspiration from the African-American Civil Rights Movement, the Black Power movement, the 1980s Black feminist movement, Pan-Africanism, Anti-Apartheid Movement, Hip hop, LGBTQ social movements, and Occupy Wall Street.

• The "Color Line"

  • Du Bois was a prominent African-American intellectual who was active in the early 20th century, promoting full civil equality.
  • Du Bois would go on to be a prominent leader in the pursuit of African-American civil rights.
  • William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was an American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, and editor.
  • The private sector was not the only source of racism; under President Wilson, the plight of African-Americans in government jobs suffered.
  • Du Bois was a prominent advocate for African-American rights in the twentieth century.

• New Approaches to the Developing World

  • Kennedy firmly believed in the U.S. commitment to Israeli security, and he recognized the ambitious Pan-Arabic initiatives of Egypt's leader, Gamal Abdel Nasser.
  • Kennedy's approach to African affairs contrasted sharply with that of his predecessor.
  • Under Kennedy, a civil rights activist was tasked with management of the African affairs.
  • The Kennedy administration believed that the British African colonies would soon achieve independence through what the Kennedy team termed middle-class revolution; they further believed the countries would grow to economic and political maturity.
  • The address detailed how American foreign policy should be conducted toward African nations, noting a hint of support for modern African nationalism by saying that "For we, too, founded a new nation on revolt from colonial rule."

• African Americans in Southern Politics

  • A few African Americans were elected or appointed to national office.
  • African Americans voted for white candidates and for blacks.
  • As a result, states with a majority African-American population often elected only one or two African-American representatives in Congress.
  • Because he preceded any African American in the House, he was the first African American in the U.S.
  • Senator Hiram Rhodes Revels, the first African American in Congress.

• The Great Migration and the "Promised Land"

  • By 1900, about 90% of African Americans still lived in Southern states.
  • African Americans moved as individuals or small family groups.
  • In 1910, the African American population of Detroit was 6,000.
  • Discrimination often restricted African Americans to crowded neighborhoods.
  • Many African-Americans migrated North in search of a better life.

• The Rise of the African Slave Trade

  • To cultivate the sugar, the Portuguese turned to large numbers of enslaved Africans.
  • The crews of several European ships were killed by African sailors whose boats were better equipped at traversing the West African coasts and river systems.
  • There, Dutch traders brought the first enslaved Africans in 1619.
  • The English crown provided a charter giving the Royal African Company monopoly over the African slave routes until 1712.
  • As the figures indicate, most African slaves were bound for Brazil and the Caribbean.

• African Americans in the Military

  • Army during the American Civil War that were composed of African-American ("colored") soldiers.
  • In actual numbers, African-American soldiers comprised 10 percent of the entire Union Army.
  • Losses among African Americans were high, and from all reported casualties, approximately 20 percent of all African Americans enrolled in the military lost their lives during the Civil War.
  • Despite these numerous contributions, discrimination persisted against African Americans in the armed forces.
  • Discuss recruitment and treatment of African Americans in the armed forces during the American Civil War