bystander effect

Examples of bystander effect in the following topics:

• Noninvolvement and the Diffusion of Responsibility

  • Psychological experiments have demonstrated that individuals are unlikely to consider a situation abnormal if there are sufficient bystanders who act as though the situation is conventional.
  • The bystander effect is another phenomenon that is closely related to diffusion of responsibility.
  • The probability of helping victims is inversely related to the number of bystanders; the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely it is that any one of them will help.
  • The mere presence of bystanders greatly decreases intervention because as the number of bystanders increases, any given bystander is less likely to interpret the incident as a problem and less likely to assume responsibility for taking action.
  • Give examples of the bystander effect, diffusion of responsibility, and anomie in contemporary society

• Power

  • Researchers have documented the "bystander effect" and found that powerful people are three times as likely to first offer help to a stranger in distress.

• Group Influence

  • ., the audience effect), or when competing against another (i.e., the coactor effect).
  • This effect has been demonstrated in a variety of species.
  • Diffusion of responsibility (also called the bystander effect) is a social phenomenon which tends to occur in groups of people above a certain critical size when responsibility is not explicitly assigned.
  • The strongest effect has been found when people rate themselves on abilities at which they are totally incompetent.
  • The effect has been found when people compare themselves to others on many different abilities and personality traits:

• Informal Means of Control

  • Informal social control—the reactions of individuals and groups that bring about conformity to norms and laws—includes peer and community pressure, bystander intervention in a crime, and collective responses such as citizen patrol groups.
  • Agents of socialization can differ in effects.
  • Informal social control—the reactions of individuals and groups that bring about conformity to norms and laws—includes peer and community pressure, bystander intervention in a crime, and collective responses such as citizen patrol groups.

• Class, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System

  • Research suggests that police are more likely to make an arrest if the offense is serious, if bystanders are present, or if the suspect is of a visible minority.

• Violence in Schools

  • Typically, a group of bullies takes advantage of, or isolates, one student in particular and gains the loyalty of bystanders who, in many cases, want to avoid becoming victims themselves.

• Teachers' Expectations

  • The Pygmalion effect was famously applied to the classroom in the Rosenthal-Jacobson study, published in 1968.
  • This is a case of a self-fulfilling prophecy, or the Pygmalion effect.
  • Within sociology, the effect is often cited with regard to education and social class.
  • The Pygmalion effect was famously applied to the classroom in the Rosenthal-Jacobson study, published in 1968.
  • How might teachers' expectations create a Pygmalion effect?

• Children of Divorce and Impact of Divorce

  • Sociologists and psychologists have found that the effects of divorce heavily depend on the child's age at the time the divorce occurs.
  • Sociologists and psychologists have conducted research that shows the effects of divorce heavily depend on the child's age at the time the divorce occurs.
  • Some effects an infant may have include a loss of appetite and an increase in spit up.
  • Some of the effects for children at this age may include baby-like behavior such as old toys, a baby blanket, or even wetting the bed.
  • Compare and contrast the effects of divorce on infants and adolescents

• Deprivation and Development

  • Maternal deprivation theory explains the effects of separating infants and young children from their mother.
  • The idea that separation from the female caregiver has profound effects is one with considerable resonance outside the conventional study of child development.
  • Feral children provide an example of the effects of severe social deprivation during critical developmental periods.
  • Attachment theory may explain why social deprivation has such dire effects for children .
  • The idea that separation from the female caregiver has profound effects is one with considerable resonance outside the conventional study of child development.

• The Incest Taboo, Marriage, and the Family

  • The most widely held hypothesis proposes that the so-called Westermarck effect discourages adults from engaging in sexual relations with individuals with whom they grew up.
  • The existence of the Westermarck effect has achieved some empirical support.
  • The Westermarck effect, first proposed by Edvard Westermarck in 1891, is the theory that children reared together, regardless of biological relationship, form a sentimental attachment that is by its nature non-erotic.
  • Another school argues that the incest prohibition is a cultural construct that arises as a side effect of a general human preference for group exogamy.
  • Analyze the different constructs of the incest taboo, ranging from biological (the Westermarck effect) to cultural (endogamy and exogamy)