retrieval

Examples of retrieval in the following topics:

• Memory Retrieval: Recognition and Recall

  • Memory retrieval is the process of remembering information stored in long-term memory.
  • However, there are many theories concerning memory retrieval.
  • There are two main types of memory retrieval: recall and recognition.
  • In recall, the information must be retrieved from memories.
  • This is the failure to retrieve a word from memory, combined with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is imminent.

• Introduction to the Process and Types of Memory

  • Memory is the ability to take in information, encode it, store it, and retrieve it at a later time.
  • In psychology, memory is broken into three stages: encoding, storage, and retrieval.
  • The third process is the retrieval of information that we have stored.
  • Some retrieval attempts may be effortless due to the type of information.
  • The three stages of memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval.

• Types of Forgetting

  • There are many ways in which a memory might fail to be retrieved, or be forgotten.
  • But disuse of a trace will lead to memory decay, which will ultimately cause retrieval failure.
  • Semantic cues are used when a memory is retrieved because of its association with another memory.
  • Occasionally, a person will experience a specific type of retrieval failure called blocking.
  • This is the failure to retrieve a word from memory, combined with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is imminent.

• The Fallibility of Memory

  • Storing a memory and retrieving it later involves both biological and psychological processes, and the relationship between the two is not fully understood.
  • Our memories are not infallible: over time, without use, memories decay and we lose the ability to retrieve them.

• Memory Distortions and Biases

  • The mood congruence effect is the tendency of individuals to retrieve information more easily when it has the same emotional content as their current emotional state.
  • Another documented phenomenon is mood-state dependent retrieval, which is a type of context-dependent memory.
  • The retrieval of information is more effective when the emotional state at the time of retrieval is similar to the emotional state at the time of encoding.

• Introduction to Memory Storage

  • Memories are not stored as exact replicas of experiences; instead, they are modified and reconstructed during retrieval and recall.
  • Because of this consolidation process, memories are more accurate the sooner they are retrieved after being stored.
  • As the retention interval between encoding and retrieval of the memory lengthens, the accuracy of the memory decreases.
  • Anterograde amnesia is the inability to store new memories; retrograde amnesia is the inability to retrieve old memories.
  • In order to retrieve the memory for the recall process, one must cue the memory matrix with a specific probe.

• Network Models of Memory

  • The stronger the connection, the easier a memory is to retrieve.
  • Network models propose that these connections are the basis of storing and retrieving memories.

• Detail on Types of Long-Term Memory

  • In other words, the individual must actively think about retrieving the information from memory.
  • This type of information is explicitly stored and retrieved - hence its name.

• Introduction to Memory Encoding

  • Once a file is saved, it can be retrieved as long as the hard drive is undamaged.
  • "Recall" refers to retrieving previously encoded information.
  • Chunking and mnemonics (discussed below) aid in semantic encoding; sometimes, deep processing and optimal retrieval occurs.
  • Retrieval cues are a large part of state-dependent learning.

• Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood

  • A general decline in memory is very common, due to the decrease in speed of encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.