logic

Examples of logic in the following topics:

• Defining Thoughts

  • At this stage, kids learn through pretend play but still struggle with logic and taking the point of view of other people.
  • Kids at this point of development begin to think more logically, but their thinking can also be very rigid.
  • The final stage involves an increase in logic, the ability to use deductive reasoning, and an understanding of abstract ideas.
  • Internal representations are gradually organized into logical structures, which first operate on the concrete properties of the environment, in the stage of concrete operations.
  • Then, in the stage of formal operations, these logical structures operate on abstract principles that organize concrete properties.

• Reasoning

  • Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things, applying logic, establishing and verifying facts, and changing or justifying practices, institutions, or beliefs based on new or existing information.
  • Deduction is the process of reasoning from one or more general statements, known as premises, to reach a logically certain conclusion.
  • If all premises are true, the terms are clear, and the rules of deductive logic are followed, then the conclusion reached is necessarily true.
  • Abduction is a form of logical inference that goes from an observation to a hypothesis that accounts for the observation.
  • Two of the major forms of reasoning which utilize general statements, or premises, as well as specific statements in arriving at a logical conclusion.

• Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

  • Logical thinking is still not present, so children cannot rationalize or understand more complex ideas.
  • It is characterized by the idea that children's reasoning becomes focused and logical.
  • Children who do not yet grasp conservation and logical thinking will believe that the taller or larger glass must contain more liquid.
  • By the end of this stage, children have developed logical and systematic thinking, are capable of deductive reasoning, and can create hypothetical ideas to explain various concepts.
  • In postformal thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.

• Cognitive Development in Adulthood

  • In postformal thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.
  • The need for specialization results in pragmatic thinking—using logic to solve real-world problems while accepting contradiction, imperfection, and other issues.

• Psychology and the Scientific Method: From Theory to Conclusion

  • The scientific method was first outlined by Sir Francis Bacon (1561–1626) and allows for logical, rational problem solving across many scientific fields.
  • A hypothesis is a testable prediction that is arrived at logically from a theory.
  • For a hypothesis to be falsifiable, it must be logically possible to make an observation or do a physical experiment that would show that there is no support for the hypothesis.
  • It provides well-defined steps to standardize how scientific knowledge is gathered through a logical, rational problem-solving method.

• Psychology and the Scientific Method

  • A hypothesis is a testable prediction that is arrived at logically from a theory.
  • Without critical thinking, logical conclusions cannot be drawn.
  • In other words, a logical argument needs a specific reason and a valid conclusion in order to be considered scientific.

• Reasoning and Inference

  • Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things, applying logic, establishing and verifying facts, and changing or justifying practices, institutions, and beliefs based on new or existing information.
  • A syllogism is a form of deductive reasoning in which two statements reach a logical conclusion.

• Theories of Multiple Intelligence

• Defining Intelligence

  • Fluid intelligence (Gf) is the capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge.
  • In 1983, Howard Gardner published a book on multiple intelligence that breaks intelligence down into at least eight different modalities: logical, linguistic, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, and intrapersonal intelligences.

• Cognitive Psychology

  • He is most widely known for his stage theory of cognitive development, which outlines how children become able to think logically and scientifically over time.